Internal Migration: Issues Prevailing in the NCT (National Capital Territory) of Delhi

: India is currently facing an issue of high internal migration. As per the Economic Survey of India, there were about 454 million internal migrants and has witnessed 9 million annual migrants between the year 2011 to 2016. Data shows among states, Delhi is witnessing major inflow of internal migrants and is now home to 8 million in-migrants and is one among the megacities of the world with population about 18.5 million in the year 2018 and is expected to grow to 38.94 million by 2030.It is important to note that these migrants do contribute to the development of the city and how their Speedy growth in population has increased the issues and challenges in form of Health, Education, Child labor and other social and economic issues with that affects a decent living to them. The paper aims to study the internal migration scenario in NCT of Delhi and the challenges and issues faced by migrants as discussed above. Secondary data (like research papers, publications and reports by government of India and Government of Delhi) was used to analyse the above mention issues. The findings highlight need to strengthen migrant policies and implementation of labor laws which could safeguard and benefit migrant population.


Introduction
Migration is a global phenomenon, with both international (across borders) and national (within country) movements. Migrants are drawn to cities in search of economic, social and creative opportunities. As per UN there were 763 million internal migrants outnumbering international migrants with the numbers of merely 244 million (UN DESA, 2013;World Economic Forum, 2017). It is observed that globally large cities attract international migrants whereas developing county cities attract internal migrants (Bhagat, 2017;IOM, 2015;UNDP, 2009). There were almost 454 million internal migrants in India and it has been gradually increasing in every census count (Government of India, 2017). India accounts for one-fourth of the fastest growing cities in the world (World Economic Forum, 2018). Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are having most ii EETHIKA ii-iiवीथिका ii iiVol.6, iiNo ii3, iiJul-Sep, ii2020 VEETHIKA-An iiInternational iiInterdisciplinary iiResearch iiJournal©2015 iiQTanalytics ii ii ii iiE-ISSN: ii2454-342x populous urban area in the country and rural-urban migration happens to be one of the reasons of this (World Economic Forum, 2017).

At the time of declaration of Millennium Development Goals (MDG) for the year 2015 by
United Nations in summit of the year 2000, the topic of Migration was not taken intoconsideration. But at the time of announcement of the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals) for the year 2030 in the year 2015 "Migration" was given utmostimportance and was included in 17goals set by the UN. The 11goal of the SDG gives importance on "sustainable cities and communities" which is to make cities and human settlement inclusive, safe and resilient, while goal number 8 has its target to ensure protection of labour rights and promotion of safe and secure working environments for all workers including migrant workers (Taran 2016).
The Dual Sector Model, which was introduced by Sir Arthur Lewis in 1954, is considered to be the cornerstone for development economics. The Dual Sector Model, which was developed further by Todaro (1976), includes internal migration as part of a long-term process of structural change, specifically from an agrarian to an industrial society. The surge of internal migration continues unabated. Agricultural sector in India is stagnant for many decades. This has led to a movement of labour from agriculture (rural) into industry and various services (urban). In most areas, a large wage gap persists between the rural and urban regions, making migration is an ongoing phenomenon (Lucas 2015). As observed by Lewis and Todaro, internal migration is an integral part of development. The model of Bhagat (2018) on impact of migration and urbanisation on overall development of the country also underlines migration"s role in making positive impact both at areas of origin as well as at destination. The message is that development planners have to address any issues the migrants face in cities as it is a process of inclusive development.
Literature has highlighted the positive and negative benefits of migration. The urban area is benefitted due to mainly agglomeration economy, reduction in cost of production, rising productivity, size of consumer and capital market corrections in the labour market, and innovations (Bhagat 2017). At the same time many of the urban problems like increasing slum population, overcrowding of public spaces, traffic congestion , air pollution, higher rates crime and violence were attributed migration of rural people to urban area. It is to be noted that the ii ii iiE-ISSN: ii2454-342x benefits of migration is outstripping the drawbacks of the same. In this paper, therefore, it is intended to study the issues that are confronted by migrant labour who are significantly contributing the development of economy and how their numbers were continuously increasing specially in the NCT of Delhi.

Objectives and Methodology
This paper is written with the objective of studying internal migrants and the issues and challenges faced by them while they make their way to sustenance in NCT of Delhi. It aims to highlight migration scenario in India and how NCT of Delhi has become a migrant capital and what challenges migrants were facing in terms of health, education, job security, working conditions, housing and so on. The research is done using secondary data resources such as government websites, reports of government, published articles and other relevant publications.

Internal Migration-Scenario in India
Migration now-a-days has become an easy option with more transportation and communication facilities, it has become a part of process of Urbanization and Industrialization (Ansari, 2016).
Internal migration has been a cause of concern for many countries including India. As per  i. Rural to Rural-moving from one rural area to another.
ii. Rural to Urban-moving from rural area to urban area.
iii. Urban to Urban-changing places from one urban area to another area.
iv. Urban to Rural-it is a rare form of internal migration which is moving from urban area to rural area.  Conditions of Service) Act, 1979" was passed in order to address unjust conditions of work for migrant workers which includes employment opportunities and right to wages and for having ideal working conditions was passed but still lack acceptance in many states of India and was not completely in practice and so far so little has been done in order to provide them with necessitate services.

Why internal migration in India?
Migrant is much rational and calculative when he decides to migrate and moving to a particular city (Todaro & Smith, Economic Development, 2015). There are various reasons for people to migrate whether internally or externally those are discussed below:

Figure 3: Migration its causes and effects
Source: own compilation The Figure 3 shows that people decides to migrate when they face issues of less salary, lack of facilities or poor living conditions. Whereas the likelihoods of their movement are better jobs, better wages or more approachable services. There brings positives of remittances back home which not only improved theirs but their family living conditions as well, improved skill and knowledge and enhanced job opportunities. But as there are always two sides of a coin so, they face challenges while adjusting themselves to new places like lack of healthcare facilities, lack of education opportunities to their kids, gender biasness towards women, and are prone to child labour a social curse in society. Another

Growth of Urban Population in India
In order to give an understanding of the macro picture of urbanisation in India and its problems we devote this section to elaborate the growth of urban population and the places where the growth rate is higher.   people and the number of migrants has shown agradual increase from the year 2013-2016 and has become major destinations for inter-state migrant labors.
In Average Net Flow of Internal Migrants at State Level (Fig 6) the largest recipient of inmigration was Delhi which accounted for more than a half of migration for the year 2015-2016 while UP and Bihar taken together covers almost half of out-migrants.

Delhi
Increase in Urbanization hasincreased human mobility consequences of which are increase of slums and shanties in cities and making their movement more vulnerable due to lack of services available to them. And some challenges were discussed below which they contact while adjusting in the city: Education: Education is one of the essential needs for one"s life. After migrating, children of labourers are deprived of basic education due to lack of documents or paper work and financial crunch which is required for admissions due to which they cannot have admissions and are forced to child labour. Unlike countries in Southeast Asia and East Asia, the bulk of the migrant workforce in India has little or no education. (Srivastava and Sasikumar, 2013). Children often faces difficulty to cope up different curriculum and language due to change of places (UNESCO, 2013; Deshingkar and Sandi, 2012). One more report from UNESCO"S Global Education Monitoring Report (GEM) 2019 shows that children that are left behind by migrating parents face fewer education opportunities. Average years of schooling is quiet low in Delhi Slums (Bag et.al, 2016).
Health: Healthy body not only helps to gain strength but also increase one"s confidence to perform. Lack of access to sanitation is quiet evitable in (NCAER, 2002) and NFHS-3 (2005-06) validates this statement stating that only 5 per cent of poor families in Delhi had personal toilets.
Health is a must facility and is one of the essential requirement for human being but due to shifting of places migrants face lack of facilities and changes in weather and benefits provided by the government are the other deficiencies (UNDP, 2009/13). Another study says that migrants often face accidents or injuries at workplace but do not enjoy health benefits (Borhade, 2012 (Mandar and Sahgal, 2010).
Working conditions: Migrants (laborers) mostly come through Labour contractors in the city due to which they have to face the situation like long working hours or timid lights at work place (NCEUS, 2007).working conditions of vulnerable occupations in Delhi is quite high and people are prone to work in unhygienic and inhumane environment that too with low wages and timid labor laws (Deshingkar et. Al. 2008: Srivastava andSasikumar, 2003). Out of every 1000 workers bruised on the premises, 165 are in India (ILO, 2002). Especially Women workers who are injured on job, are removed from jobs instead of getting compensation (Acharya and Reddy, 2016). These displaced many a times lack access to basic services and have no legal protection (Bag et. al., 2016). Many a times people working even for low skilled jobs like rickshaw pulling had to bribe and wait in long queues to get license and permit to rent rickshaws (Menon, 2000).
ii ii iiE-ISSN: ii2454-342x Housing: After food and clothing one of the important human needs is house. But, rush in the cities and the high cost makes it difficult for them to have house of their own and to live in mostly crowded and filthy conditions (Sheikh Et. al., 2014). A study conducted by IGSSS (2010) states that many people living on the streets of Delhi are migrants from Bihar, UP, West Bengal, Distress wages: They were force to work under distress or less wages and to cope with day to day expenses of cities they took up their jobs. Even when they take work off due to injuries or other they have to pay for their own food, fuel, water and medical expenses (Sarde, 2008). Low income levels and low levels of human development is apparent in Delhi slums (Banerji, 2005).
They have no choice they either have to leave up their jobs or to return to their native place.
ii ii iiE-ISSN: ii2454-342x Gender biasness: Gender gap of more than 50% shown in Labour Force Participation rate for the year 2015 (OECD, 2017). Gender biasness is common in society and migrants are no different to it, less pay to female Labour, sexual abuse at workplace, long working hours or lack of maternity benefits are quiet common which need to be strengthen with appropriate Labour laws. Delhi Development Report for the year 2013 also stresses on the need of reducing gender inequality and guaranteeing a safe environment to people. Another work by (Acharya and Reddy, 2016) highlights the issue of discrimination and exposure of females to sexual harassment in Delhi.
Little or no asset: Antagonistic economic conditions make them move to cities such as debt and low income which is the major reason to move (Banerji, 2005). Labors shifts to new workplace with little or no asset of their own which make it difficult to survive in the city (NCEUS, 2007).
Basically, migrants invest all the money they have a survival in the city (Mandar and Sahgal, 2010). Many laborers work as bonded laborers in the cities like Delhi, Punjab and Haryana and are trapped in debt burden with no asset or little money they were many a times exploited by upper caste (Srivastava, 2005).
High expenses:Migration is difficult for the livelihood of these poverty ridden, skill and asset deficient persons who are economically and socially backward (NCEUS, 2007). The dazzles and hope of good income source attract them to cities bring them here but the high prices and expenses make it difficult for them to survive here.
Child Labor: Child Labour has been an important issue from many years. Although no clear data was available but there are approximately 15 million child migrants in India (Smita, 2007). In general children of migrant"s lives in unhealthy conditions, miss going to school and mostly help their parents in earning (UNICEF, 2011). As identified by Mandar and Sahgal (2010)there are many migrants in Delhi who couldn"t send their children to schools and put them to work due to suppressed economic conditions. "Migrant workers are an asset to every country where they bring their Labour. Let us give them the dignity they deserve as human beings and the respect they deserve as workers" (Former ILO Chief, 2012). Making a move is not an ordinary task they not only risks their jobs but also their family and livelihood. This should not go waste and they have every right to be included in the existing population and served with equality.

Conclusions and Policy Implications
People are migrating or shifting their places since the time being and the role of migration in the form of remittances in poverty reduction and a positive impact on building assets and improving health and education could not be ignored (Deshingkar and Sandi 2012;Ratha 2013;Kumar and Bhagat, 2017). Internal migration is a part of economic process no economy can ignore or avoid internal migration. Once on his visit to India in the year 1951 Kingsley David a well-known demographer has said that India is an immobile country where 3 out of 10 Indians are Internal Migrants. Therefore, some steps to improve their situation is need to be taken so that they could be included in the respective states they visit, well and could contribute to the economy by improving theirs as well as others..
There are various reasons to improve the conditions for migrants as discussed below: i. Migrants provide large support in the form of Labour supply.
ii. Internal migrants not only fulfil their financial needs but also provide valuable skill and Labour to the society.
iii. Migrants can reduce income disparities and can bring poverty reduction.
iv. Better salary and skills to internal migrants could help them to earn more and send better remittances back home which will bring more flow of income in the economy.
v. Better conditions of health, social needs, political needs, and education could make them more efficient and they will no longer will remain burden on economy internal migration leads to more job opportunities and access to better services by rising competition. Recommendations: i. In order to provide them with safe and healthy living the govt. should make them registered. A registered portal should be initiated to make their record and analyze their movement.
ii. The policies framed should be timely monitored and regulated to ensure their implementation and make a change to their living.
iii. The governments (State and Centre) should work to expand and improve infrastructure (Transport, healthcare, education and housing) in order to give them just conditions.
There is a need to frame an identity card especially for the ones working in urban informal sectors in lieu of providing with regulated working conditions and accordingly remunerations should be granted.
v. They should be granted with easy and accessible healthcare and education with less paperwork requirement to give them ease of participation as many are illiterate and have to wait in queues to make things happen.
This paper brings the issue of "internal migration" with special reference to Delhi in limelight. It has discussed how increase in Urbanization brings challenges in front of cities in the form of internal migrants which changes places in the hope of better and improved living. It has discussed various patterns of internal migration in India and in Delhi, it also discusses causes and movement of people towards Delhi and making it a capital of Migrants and discussed why people migrate and the challenges faced by them while they are important for make their sustenance in the economy. Although, there are always two sides to a coin and the issue of internal migration is no different, it too have some pros (availability of cheap labour, reduction in income disparity by sending remittances etc.) and cons (increase in crime rate, conflicts, population rush etc.). Migration is a complex issue but every economy slowly but steadily is learning to deal with it and it is need to be addressed with patience and utmost care. States like Delhi which has become a major attraction for the in-migrants as discussed above, this issue needs more attention and had to be addressed on a serious note. Governments with the initiatives by ILO has planted various policies and with better implementation and people"s support, this issue could be resolved, so that population rush and issues like health, education, social and political could be timely handled and were merged well into the city.
Among policy options, the government should frame appropriate policies which can make the transition of migrants from one state to another easier. The laws framed by ILO should be strengthened and regulated properly. In order to ensure proper functioning of labor laws and migrants welfare, awareness among migrants regarding the safeguards and benefits available to them need to be made through trade unions and other skill and training programmes. Nurseries, schools and childcare facilities should be made available near workplace. There is also a need to eliminate intermediaries so that direct link between workers and employers could be made and more accessibility of jobs be made. Policy adoption by different States could be monitored forbetter inclusion of migrants.