International Journal of Experimental Research and Review

Application of Genetic Algorithms for Medical Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

Khushali Tyagi, Deepak Kumar, Richa Gupta — Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The system of glucose-insulin control and associated problems in diabetes mellitus were studied by mathematical modeling. It is a helpful theoretical tool for understanding the basic concepts of numerous distinct medical and biological functions. It delves into the various risk factors contributing to the onset of diabetes, such as sedentary lifestyle, obesity, family history, viruses, and increasing age. The study emphasizes the importance of mathematical models in understanding the dynamic characteristics of biological systems. The study emphasizes the increasing prevalence of diabetes, especially in India, where urbanization and lifestyle changes contribute to the rising incidence. The present investigation describes the use of John Holland's evolutionary computing approach and the Genetic Algorithm (GA) in diabetes mellitus. The Genetic Algorithm is applied to address issues related to diabetes, offering a generic solution and utilizing MATLAB's Genetic Algorithm tool. The Mathematical Model provides differential equations representing glucose and insulin concentrations in the blood. The results represent testing outcomes for normal, prediabetic, and diabetic individuals, optimized with Genetic Algorithm showcased through fitness value plots. The conclusion highlights the effectiveness of Genetic Algorithm as an optimization tool in predicting optimal samples for diabetes diagnosis. The paper encourages the use of heuristic algorithms, such as Genetic Algorithms, to address complex challenges in the field of diabetes research. Future scope includes further exploration of biomathematics and Genetic Algorithm applications for enhanced understanding and management of diabetes mellitus. It is critical for people with diabetes to consistently check their blood glucose levels and follow their treatment plan.

Alcoholic Extracts of Eleusine indica as Alternative Diuretic Regimens: A Computational Based Investigation

Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Diuretics are widely used in current clinical practice to increase urine production and excrete electrolytes, particularly sodium and chloride ions, without affecting the absorption of protein, vitamins, carbohydrates, or amino acids. From the time of mercury chloride and organomercurials in ancient times to now (with sulphonamides, thiazides, and furosemide), a lot has changed in the field of diuretics. However, long-term use of such synthetic diuretic agents in clinical practice produces several adverse effects, such as blurred vision, loss of appetite, stomach upset, carcinomas, headaches, phototoxic impact, weakness., etc., as has been observed from recent investigations. Natural regimens can serve as potential alternatives to using nontoxic diuretic agents. Based on long-term ethnomedicinal and biological activity records, we have explored the diuretic effects of the widely known perennial herb in Pacific Islands regions and a weed in agricultural fields, Eleusine indica (L) Gaertn phytoconstituents, on a computation platform. Therefore, we conducted a bio-assay-guided crude extraction using ethanol, followed by further gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of the extracted crude extracts. Further selected nine constituents (EI_1 to EI_9) carried out the diuretic potency against three putative target enzymes (ACE, KCNJ1, and SLC12A1) along with three standard drugs (VU590, TSM, and FSM) through molecular docking studies using AutoDock 4.2 software. We also predict physicochemical profiles, or Lipinski Rule of Five profiles, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics using various bioinformatics and cheminformatics tools. Based on the overall investigation, it was revealed that EI_6 [Z, Z-6,28-Heptatriacontadien-2-one] was the most potential, nontoxic, and drug-able candidate. In summary, advanced computational tools play a crucial role in selecting potential preclinical candidates within limited resources to accelerate the current drug discovery process.

Zooplankton Bio-indicators Against Changing Hydrological Parameters at Bidyadhari River of Indian Sundarbans

Arpan Chakrabarti, Koutilya Bhattacharjee, Neelakshi Sarkar, Samir Kumar Saha — Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Sundarban Estuarine System is influenced by periodic tidal input and fresh water inflow. It is surrounded by world’s largest mangrove ecosystem and harbour naturally grown fishery. The total system is intersected by a network of many rivers and creeks. Bidyadhari is one of the major rivers of Sundarbans that is surrounded by human habitation on both banks. The dynamic condition of the river due to tidal inflow and fresh water input which is further increased many folds due to human interventions. In the present study, 26 zooplankton taxa have been recorded where 16 taxa were found perennial in all three seasons. 19 species showed its highest density in the monsoon season, 4 in post-monsoon and 3 in pre-monsoon season. Considering all seasons, Pseudodiaptomus serricaudatus was found to be the most abundant species in monsoon when there was a marked increase in temperature, nitrate, phosphate, silicate and a decrease in salinity, DO, TDS, EC and chlorophyll-a concentration. On the other hand, Acrocalanus longicornis was most abundant during the post-monsoon season when pH, EC, DO, chlorophyll-a were found to be highest and temperature was lowest of all seasons. Only 3 of the 26 taxa were found in highest concentration during pre-monsoon season when salinity was found in highest concentration. The Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index, Simpson 1_D Index and Margalef Richness Index of zooplankton diversity were found highest in station 3 (nearest to the sea) during all the three seasons. Pearson Correlation Analysis showed some significant correlation between different hydrological parameters and zooplankton diversity indices. The result of the study indicates the presence of organic pollutants and eutrophication in Bidyadhari river that demands regular monitoring of water quality for maintenance of long-term sustainability of one the largest naturally grown fisheries in the world.

Apoptosis and Autophagy: Therapeutic Implications in Cancer

Kalpataru Halder — Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Despite the advances in the medical field so far, cancer remains a global health priority even now. Considering the drug resistance and the failure of cancer therapies to achieve complete eradication of cancer cells in certain populations, developing molecules that induce programmed cell death or apoptosis has been the focus of cancer research for several decades. Apoptosis evasion is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells, and efforts continue to achieve complete annihilation of cancer cells through selective killing. On the other hand, autophagy, a mode of cell degradation, is considered a double-edged sword. Recent studies show that autophagy also can be manipulated to selectively target cancer cells based on the tumor microenvironment and cellular context. Studies show that autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process initiated during stress response and has enormous importance in maintaining physiological balance. Most importantly, the dynamic equilibrium between apoptosis and autophagy is crucial in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Although a ‘cell eating’ process, the fate of autophagic cells depends entirely on the nature of stress and the extent of crosstalk between autophagy. This understanding is of immense significance when designing therapeutic interventions targeting apoptosis and autophagy. Currently, several studies are ongoing to gain insights into the role of autophagy in cancer initiation, invasion, progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. This review focuses on the two major cell death mechanisms, apoptosis and autophagy, in the context of cancer, their crosstalk, and the therapeutic interventions targeting both modes of cell death.

Assess the Attitude Towards Mental Illness Among Nurses Working in Selected Tertiary Care Hospital

Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mental health is an urgent concern in India as every sixth Indian needs mental health help as reported by a recent National Mental Health Survey done by Gururaj in the year 2016. Further, while 20% of Indians suffer from a mental illness, only 10-12% of them seek help from mental health professionals mainly due to ignorance, stigma and discrimination that largely prevail in Indian community. The study aimed to assess the attitude towards mental illness among nurses and to associate the attitude towards mental illness among nurses working in selected tertiary care hospitals with background selected variables. A non-experimental descriptive research design was used in this study. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the samples and 400 samples were taken for the study. The majority of the nurses have negative 310 (77%) attitudes towards mental illness and only 90(23%) of them have positive attitudes towards mental illness. The mean value of attitude is 59.59 with a standard deviation of 4.94. There is no significant association was found between attitudes toward mental illness among nurses working in selected tertiary care hospitals with background variables at p<0.05. The study results recommend initiating training programs for the nurses aimed at promoting positive attitudes and making them sensitive to the needs of mentally ill patients.

Artificial Intelligence Driven Bibliometric Insights: Pioneering Down Syndrome Research

Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The present bibliometric analysis investigates the scholarly output from 2013 to 2022 to explore the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in Down syndrome research. The analysis demonstrates a significant and rapid growth in publications, starting from a minimal number of 17 articles in 2013 and reaching a peak of 2162 by 2022. This indicates a notable increase in interest and dedication to this topic. Upon analyzing national contributions, the United States stands up as a frontrunner in terms of research output, citations, and collaborations. This underscores its crucial role in influencing the discussion and influence of AI-driven Down syndrome research. The dynamics of collaboration, especially between the United States and countries like the United Kingdom, China, and Germany, illustrate a vast worldwide network that facilitates the exchange of information. The congruence of these findings with past research highlights the regularity in exponential growth tendencies, which can be attributed to technical discoveries and interdisciplinary cooperation. Moreover, the prevalence of dominant nations, the significance of renowned publications, and the sway of prolific authors underscore the firmly established connections between research productivity and influence within specific fields of study. The study's findings suggest that future developments in AI-driven Down syndrome research will focus on integrating AI more deeply, fostering interdisciplinary collaborations, and prioritizing ethical considerations. These trends align with the anticipated paths and ethical obligations in this field.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Bibliometric Analysis; Down syndrome

Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Associated Cytogenetic and Genetic Anomalies – Study from Eastern India

Koutilya Bhattacharjee, Suman Pal, Emili Banerjee, Shiuli Mukherjee — Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Recurrent early pregnancy loss (REPL) refers to loss (2 or more) of pregnancy within the first trimester of the gestation period. Reports of REPL cases are significantly increasing along with idiopathic or enigmatic REPL because associated clinical parameters in such cases remain within normal range and diagnosis remains odyssey. Genetic factors like single nucleotide variations (SNV) and altered heterochromatin and/or satellite content, as chromosomal aberrations like translocation, deletion and inversions have reportedly remained associated with many diseases. The present study aimed to find any structural and single nucleotide variations associated with idiopathic REPL. Three thousand six hundred twelve (3612) couples with history of 2 or more pregnancy losses or neonatal death were subjected to clinical investigations, karyotype analyses and Whole Exome Sequence analyses as per requirement to identify the underlying cause(s). More than 14% of the idiopathic REPL cases were found to carry chromosomal heteromorphisms. Among these, 9qh+ was predominant, followed by 21ps+, 15ps+, 14ps+ and others. Heteromorphies were significantly higher in females than males except for 14ps+. Along with some single nucleotide variations were also found among the subjects, though compound heterozygosity or allelic homozygosity were major causal factors. Idiopathic REPL cases were found to carry genetic variations, as per the present study, with a prevalence of more than 10% among RPL cases with yet unknown molecular mechanisms of damage. A further thorough study to unveil the underlying molecular pathology is strongly recommended.

Smart Farming with Sooty Tern Optimization based LS-HGNet Classification Model

Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Smart farming technologies enable farmers to use resources like water, fertilizer and pesticides as efficiently as possible. This paper discusses how Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) pictures can be used to automatically detect and count tassels, thereby advancing the advancement of strategic maize planting. The real state of affairs in cornfields is complicated, though, and the current algorithms struggle to provide the speed and accuracy required for real-time detection. This research employed a sizable, excellent dataset of maize tassels to solve this problem. This paper suggests using the bottom-hat-top-hat preprocessing technique to address the lighting irregularities and noise in maize photos taken by drones. The Lightweight weight-stacked hourglass Network (LS-HGNet) model is suggested for classification. The hourglass network structure of LS-HGNet, which is mostly utilised as a backbone network, has allowed significant advancements in the discovery of maize tassels. In light of this, the current work suggests a lighter variant of the hourglass network that also enhances the accuracy of tassel detection in maize plants. The additional skip connections used in the new hourglass network architecture allow minimal changes to the number of network parameters while improving performance. Consequently, the suggested LS-HGNet classifier lowers the computational burden and increases the convolutional receptive field. The hyperparameter tuning process is then carried out using the Sooty Tern Optimisation Algorithm (STOA), which helps increase tassel detection accuracy. Numerous tests were conducted to verify that the suggested approach is more accurate at 98.7% and more efficient than the most advanced techniques currently in use.

Exploring the Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbology on the Antioxidant Potential of Liverwort Asterella multiflora: A Comprehensive Study on Rhizoid and Thallus Anatomy

Mamta Verma, Shabnam ., Sandeep kotwal, Anupam Kumar — Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a vital ecological interaction between plants and fungi that enhances nutrient uptake and plant resilience. While extensively studied in vascular plants, AM symbiosis in liverworts remains relatively unexplored. Six populations of Asterella multiflora were collected throughout the year to scan for arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and enzymatic antioxidant activity. Percent mycorrhizal colonization was measured in smooth as well as tuberculated rhizoids. Anatomical detail of the thallus was also observed. Arbuscules were observed in the cells of the storage zone of the thallus. Enzymatic antioxidant activities, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase activity (APOX) and glutathione reductase activity (GR) were calculated. Maximum enzyme activity was observed in ascorbate peroxidase, which calculated 1.92-2.09 UA/mg protein, while catalase showed minimum activity of 0.01 UA/mg protein. A positive correlation was observed between enzyme activities and percent mycorrhizal colonization. This study delves into AM symbiosis in liverworts, focusing on Asterella multiflora and investigates the impact of AM colonization on enzymatic antioxidant activities, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX), catalase (CAT) ascorbate peroxidase activity (APOX) and glutathione reductase activity (GR). Antioxidants play a crucial role in stress tolerance and plant health, making them central to understanding the implications of symbiotic relationships.

Effect of Borreria hispida Extract on SIRT1, HIF-1α, ET-1 and VEGFR-2 Gene Expression in NRK-52E Cells Subjected to Glucotoxicity

Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to investigate the impact of Borreria hispida extract on gene expression in NRK-52E cells under conditions of glucotoxicity. Gene expression analysis was conducted using RT-PCR following the exposure of cultured NRK-52E cells to glucotoxic conditions and varying concentrations of Borreria hispida extract. The results demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in SIRT1 gene expression and a concomitant decrease in HIF-1λ, ET-1, and VEGFR-2 gene expressions upon treatment with Borreria hispida extract. Additionally, molecular docking studies suggested the potential inhibition of Rho-kinase as a mechanistic explanation for these effects. Borreria hispida extract may confer renoprotective benefits against glucotoxicity-induced cellular damage. The potential therapeutic utility of Borreria hispida extracts in managing renal complications associated with conditions such as diabetes. Furthermore, our docking studies shed light on the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the observed effects, suggesting interactions between phytochemicals present in Borreria hispida extract and the JNK-1 protein. These interactions may contribute to the augmentation of SIRT1 activity, further bolstering the extract's therapeutic utility in DKD.

Annular Beam Driven Metamaterial Backward Wave Oscillator

Jyoti Vengurlekar, Ayush Saxena — Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Metamaterials (MTMs) are synthetic materials designed to have characteristics that "may not be readily available in nature," such as negative permittivity, reversed Doppler Effect, reversed Cherenkov Effect, and negative Refractive Index. These characteristics have motivated researchers to analyze and investigate the use of MTMs for modelling high-power microwave (HPM) radiation sources. One of the most potential HPM sources is an annular beam-driven Backward-Wave Oscillator (BWO) based on the Cerenkov mechanism. The devices that use the Cerenkov mechanism are preferred due to their larger bandwidth. Its high output power and repetition operations make it a promising source. In this paper, an annular beam-loaded metamaterial BWO is simulated in order to investigate and comment on the possibility of metamaterial or metamaterial-inspired structures replacing the slow-wave structures (SWSs) in vacuum tube devices. Performance parameters of several BWO configurations loaded with different metamaterial-inspired conductor rings are compared to rippled SWS-based BWOs. The results suggest that fewer metamaterial rings with solid cross-section (CS) inside the BWO lead to a closer match in generated output power and frequency with the output power generated using a rippled SWS.

Fenugreek Seed Extract Mitigates MSG-Induced Uterine Dysfunction in Rats through Enhanced Antioxidative Defense Mechanisms

Mukti Mondal, Kaushik Sarkar, Goutam Paul — Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

To assess the mitigating effectiveness of fenugreek seed extract in MSG-induced suppression of uterine function in rats, the effects of MSG in combination with fenugreek seed extract on the oxidative stress variables in the uterus and histo-architectural changes in the uterus have been studied and compared with the results obtained in the uterus in MSG-treated and control groups of rats. The study investigated the impact of MSG in conjunction with fenugreek seed extract on uterine function and oxidative stress. Female virgin albino rats were distributed into seven groups (Control, Treated I, Treated II, Treated III, Treated I+ Fenugreek seed extract, Treated II+ Fenugreek seed extract, Treated III+ Fenugreek seed extract) and subjected to thirty-day and forty-day of treatment via oral gavage. Despite no significant changes in mean body weight observed in MSG and fenugreek seed extract combination groups compared to the control, a notable counteraction was observed in the results obtained from rats exposed to MSG alone. This implies a possible protective function of fenugreek seed extract against oxidative stress in the uterus caused by MSG. Rats that received MSG in combination with fenugreek seed extract in their uterine tissue homogenate showed negligible changes in the activities of SOD, CAT, GR, GPx, GST, and MDA production when compared to the control group. Additionally, when comparing the MSG-exposed groups compare to control groups, a noteworthy decline in the activities of SOD, CAT, GR, and GPx and an increase in the activity of GST and MDA production were noted. When MSG was applied in conjunction with fenugreek seed extract for both treatment durations, no discernible histo-architectural alterations in the uterus were seen compared to the uterine tissues of the control groups of rats. Thus, it can be inferred from the findings that fenugreek seed extract significantly mitigated the oxidative stress and histo-architectural changes in rat uterine tissues caused by MSG.

Exploring the Potency of Antiviral Marine Alkaloids Against Japanese encephalitis and Ebola virus: A Computational-Based Assessment for Drug Repurposing Applications

Md. Sajid Ali — Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In the twenty-first century, there have been a number of outbreaks, beginning with dengue, swine flu, Nipah, Ebola, chikungunya, and Zika, which were continuously outbreaks in some specific regions. The mosquito-transmitted flavivirus Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus, similar to dengue fever and West Nile viruses, and the negative-single-stranded Ebola virus (EBOV) are the two most emerging and the WHO's most-prioritized diseases. Natural products have always served as an alternative to mainstream drugs in emergencies. Thus, due to their excellent antiviral activity, the present study focused on marine alkaloids and assessed their potency against the JE and EBOV viruses. Using various bioinformatics tools, we selected 60 different antiviral marine alkaloids for anti-JE activity against RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (PDB ID: 4HDG), NS3-helicase (PDB ID: 2Z83), and NS5-protease (PDB ID: 4K6M), as well as anti-EBOV efficacy targeting nucleoprotein (PDB ID: 4Z9P), viral protein 24 (PDB ID: 4M0Q), and viral protein 40 (PDB ID: 3TCQ). Based on previous antiviral records with combined molecular docking scores, physicochemical, toxicity, pharmacokinetic, and drug-ability profiles, the researchers concluded that manzamines A, F, and X with 6-deoxymanzamine X and 8-hydroxymanzamine may be the best among all 60 candidates for JE and EV infection control. In summary, marine alkaloids exhibit excellent antiviral potency and need to be explored as more bioactive marine candidates for mainstream drug discovery, where bioinformatics tools are a more cost-effective, resource-efficient, and time-saving platform than traditional drug discovery modules to locate most lead candidates to be used in mainstream medicine for emerging health conditions.

Metal-Based Drugs in Cancer Therapy

Sourav Nath, Abhijit Datta, Arijit Das, Suman Adhikari — Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Metal-based drugs have emerged as pivotal therapeutics in cancer therapy, enlightening a path toward innovative and effective treatment strategies. Platinum-based therapeutics, notably cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, have transformed the landscape of cancer treatment, setting the stage for the development of next-generation metal-based compounds. Delving into the principles governing the design of metal-based drugs, this article navigates through their intricate coordination chemistry, targeted delivery approaches, and mechanisms of action. Notably, metal-based compounds form covalent bonds with DNA, disrupting vital cellular processes and inducing apoptosis in cancerous tissues. Even though contemporary chemotherapy as well as radiotherapeutic methods have greatly increased patient survival rates, disease recurrence still represents a fatal danger. The probability of metastasis and the drug resistance are increased by the incomplete clearance of neoplastic tissues from the body. This review explores the compelling journey of metal-based compounds, from their historical significance in ancient remedies to their pivotal role in modern oncology, and also discusses the recent advancements and emerging trends that promise to shape the future of metallodrugs. The shining promise of metal-based drugs in cancer remedies holds the potential to revolutionize treatment paradigms, offering hope and resilience in the ongoing battle against one of humanity's most relentless adversaries.

Effect of Orthosiphon stamineus Extract on HIF-1Α, Endothelin-1, and VEGFR-2 Gene Expression in NRK-52E Renal Tubular Cells Subjected to Glucotixicity

Sat, 30 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to investigate the impact of Orthosiphon stamineus extract on gene expression in NRK-52E cells under conditions of glucotoxicity. Gene expression analysis using RT-PCR was conducted following exposure of cultured NRK-52E cells to glucotoxic conditions and various concentrations of Orthosiphon stamineus extract. The results revealed a dose-dependent decrease in HIF-1α, ET-1 and VEGFR-2 gene expression levels upon treatment with Orthosiphon stamineus extract. The diverse array of phytochemicals found within Orthosiphon demonstrates a significant impact on the biochemical pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Additionally, molecular docking studies suggested the potential inhibition of Rho-kinase as a mechanistic explanation for this observed effect. These findings suggest that Orthosiphon stamineus extract may possess renoprotective properties against glucotoxicity-induced cellular damage. This study contributes to understanding potential therapeutic interventions for managing renal complications associated with conditions such as diabetes.