A relative study of diversity of endophytic fungi in a Lianas Butea superba from Belpahari and their seasonal variation
Abstract
Fungal endophytes from Butea superba were studied collecting from Belpahari of Jhargram district of West Bengal during three seasons-winter, summer and monsoon. A total of 159 plant tissue segments were resided by endophytic fungi among 225 tissue segments and endophytic fungi of the number of 201 were isolated from 159 various tisue specimens such as leaf, petiole and stem. The fungal isolates belong to the genera as many as 25, along with 5 unidentified fungi and few sterile mycelia. Beltrania sp., Lasiodiplodia sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp. were found most commonly and dominantly found out of all isolates. Majority of the endophytic isolates were during winter season and least in summer. Colonization frequencies in winter, summer and monsoon are 73.33%, 60% and 78.66% respectively. This difference in CF % might be due to variation of moisture content in various seasons inside it and variation of absorbable nutrient contents in forest floor. It has been observed that microenvironment and microclimate were determining factors for assuring endophytic biodiversity.
References
Alfaro, P. A. and Bayman, P. (2011). Hidden fungi, emergent properties: endophytes and microbiomes. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 49: 291-315.
Arnold, A. E., Maynard, Z. and Gilbert, G. S. (2001). Fungal endophytes in dicotyledonous neotropical trees: patterns of abundance and diversity. Mycology Research. 105: 1502-1507.
Bacon, C. W. and White, J. F. (2000). Microbial endophytes. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York. Banerjee, D., Mahapatra, S., Manna, S., Mukherjee, S. and Pati, B. R. (2006). Occurrence of endophytic fungi in Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae). Botanical Society of Bengal. 60: 28-33.
Banerjee, D., Manna, S., Mahapatra, S. and Pati, B. R. (2009a). Fungal endophytes in three medicinal plants of Lamiaceae. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica. 56: 243-250.
Barnett, H. L. and Hunter, B. B. (1998). Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi, 4th Edition, APS Press, St. Paul. Minnesota, USA.
Barnett, H. L. and Hunter, B. B. (1996). Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. 4th Edition. APS Press, St. Paul. Minnesota, USA.
Bayman, P. (2006). Diversity, scale and variation of endophytic fungi in leaves of tropical plants. In: Bailey M. J., Lilley, A. K., Timms-Wilson, T. M., SpencerPhillips, P.T.N. (eds). Microbial ecology of aerial plant surfaces. CABI International, Cambridge. Pp. 37–51.
Carroll, G. C. and Carroll, F. E. (1988). Studies on incidence of coniferous needle endophytes in the specific Northwest. Canadian Journal of Botany. 56: 3034- 3048.
Collado, J., Platas, G., Gonzalez, I. and Pelaez, F. (1999). Geographical and seasonal influences on the distribution of fungal endophytes in Quercus ilex. New Phytologist. 144: 525-532.
Daisy, B. and Strobel, G. (2003). Bioprospecting for microbial endophytes and their natural products. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 67(4): 491-502.
De Bary, A. (1866). Morphologie and Physiologie der Pilze, Flechten and Myxomyceten, Holfmeister's Handbook of Physiological Botany. Germany: Leipzig. Vol. 2.
Duong, L. M., McKenzie, E. H. C., Lumyong, S. and Hyde, K. D. (2008). Fungal succession on senescent leaves of Castanopsis diversifolia in Doi SuthepPui National Park, Thailand. Fungal Diversity. 30: 23-36.
Ellis, M. B. and Ellis, P. J. (1997). Microfungi on land plants, An identification Handbook, New England Edition, Hardback.
Ganley, R. J., Brunsfeld, S. J. and Newcombe, G. (2004). A community of unknown endophytic fungi in western white pine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 101: 10107- 10112.
Gilbert, G.S. and Strong, D.R. (2007). Fungal symbionts of tropical trees. Ecology. 88(3): 539-540.
Gilman, J. C. (2001). A Manual of Soil fungi, 2nd Indian Edition, Biotech Book Pvt. Ltd., India.
Hamayun, M., Afzal Khan, S., Ahmad, N., Tang, D. S., Kang, S. M., Sohn, E. Y., Hwang, Y. H. et al. (2009). Cladosporium sphaerospermum as a new plant growth-promoting endophyte from the roots of Glycine max (L.) Merr. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 25: 627-632.
Hammer, O., Harper, D. A. T. and Ryan, P. D. (2001). PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Paleontologica Electronica. 4: 9. Hata, K. and Futai, K. (1996). Variation in fungal endophyte populations in needles of the genus Pinus. Canadian Journal of Botany. 74: 103–114.
Jena, S. K., Tayung, K. (2013). Endophytic fungal communities associated with two ethnomedicinal plants of Simlipal Biosphere Reserve, India and their antimicrobial prospective. J. App. Pharm. Sci. 3 (4 Suppl 1): S7-S12.
Magurran, A. E. (2004). Measuring Biological Diversity. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Mejia, L. C., Rojas, E. I., Maynard, Z., Bael, S. V., Arnold, A.E., Hebbar, P., Samuels, G. J. and Robbins, N. (2008). Endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents of Theobroma cacao pathogens. Biol. Control. 46: 4-14.
Murali, T. S., Suryanarayanan, T. S. and Venkatesan, G. (2007). Fungal endophyte communities in two tropical forests of southern India: diversity and host affiliation. Mycological Progress. 6: 191–199.
Narisawa, K., Kawamata, H., Currah, R. S. and Hashiba, T. (2002). Suppression of Verticillium wilt in eggplant by some fungal root endophytes. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108: 103-109.
Petrini, O. (1991). Fungal endophytes in tree leaves. p. 179-197 In: Andrews JH, Hirano SS (ed) Microbial ecology of leaves. Springer, New York.
Strobel, G. and Daisy, B. (2003). Bioprospecting for microbial endophytes and their natural products. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 67: 491-502.
Suryanarayanan, T. S. and Rajagopal, K. (2000). Fungal endophytes (phellophytes) of some tropical forest trees. Indian Forest. 126: 165-170.
Suryanarayanan, T. S., Venkatesan, G. and Murali, T. S. (2003). Endophytic fungal communities in leaves of tropical forest trees: diversity and distribution patterns. Current Science. 85(4): 489- 492.
Van Wyk, A. E., Kok, P. D. F., Van-Bers, N. L. and Vander-Mcrwe, C. F. (1990). Nonpathological bacterial symbiosis in Pachystigma and Fadogia (Rubiaceae): its evolutionary significance and possible involvement in the aetiology of gousiekte in domestic ruminants. South African Journal of Botany. 86: 93-96.
Verstraete, B., Van-Elst, D., Steyn, H., Van wyk, B., Lemaire, B., Smets, E. and Dessein, S. (2011). Endophytic bacteria in toxic South African plants: identification, phylogeny and possible involvement in gousiekte. PLoS One. 6: 1-7.
Wilson, D. (1995). Endophyte- the evolution of a term and clarification of its use and definition. Oikos. 73: 274-276.
