Nutritional status and haemoglobin level among adult Bengalee women in a sub-urban area in West Bengal
Keywords:
Anaemia, BMI, CED, haemoglobin, womenAbstract
Nutritional status measured by anthropometry has been a reliable indicator of individual as well as population health. It is associated with morbidities, reduced activity and fitness, impaired cognitive development and also early mortality in adults. On the other hand, Iron Deficiency Anaemia, indicated by low haemoglobin level is a considered as a global health hazard, especially in women from the developing countries. States of undernutrition and anaemia were pointed out to be linked at the population level. The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of undernutrition and anaemia among the Bengalee adult females in a sub urban municipal locality in West Bengal. The study included 222 adult women aged > 18 years. Height, weight and haemoglobin level were measured; nutritionaland anaemic status were determined as per WHO guidelines. The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) and anaemia were 25.2% and 58.4%, respectively. Both the prevalence of CED and anaemia were the lowest in the eldest and the youngest age groups. Higher prevalence of CED were associated with lower mean Hb level and higher frequency of anaemia. The women with low BMI had higher chance of being diagnosed with anaemia. The situation indicated towards a serious health problem in respect of CED and moderate in respect of anaemia.
References
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Khatun, A., Bhadra, M., Mukhopadhyay, A. and Bose, K. (2016). Anthropometric assessment of nutritional status of Muslim adolescents of Deganga, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review. 4: 34-39.
Khatun, A., Bhadra, M., Mukhopadhyay, A. and Bose, K. (2016). Nutritional status and effect of physical activity on anthropmetric characteristics of Bengalee Muslim adolescents boys of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review. 5: 8-14.
Khongsdier, R. (2002). Body mass index and morbidity in adult females of the War Khasi in Northeast India. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 56:484-89.
Khongsdier, R. (2006). Malnutrition, Social inequality and natural selection in human populations. In: K Bose (Ed). Ecology, Culture, Nutrition, Health and Disease. Hum. Ecol. (Special Issue). 14: 39-47.
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Misra, A., Pandey, R. M., Rama Devi, J., Sharma, R., Vikram, N. K. and Khanna, N. (2001). High prevalence of diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia in urban slum population in Northern India. Int. J. Obes. 25: 1722-9.
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Pal, A., Sengupta, P. and Dhara, P. C. (2014). An investigation on prevalence of Anemia in relation to BMI and nutrient intake among adult rural population of West Bengal, India. Epidemiol. Biostats. Pub. Health. 11: e-8915.
Patil, S. N., Wasnik, V. and Wadke, R. (2009). Health Problems amongst Adolescent Girls In Rural Areas Of Ratnagiri District Of Maharashtra India. J. Clin. Diag. Res. 3: 1784-1790.
Penninx, B. W. J. H., Pahor, M. and Cesari, M. (2004). Anaemia is associated with disability and decreased physical performance and muscle strength in the elderly. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 52: 719–724.
Rammohan, A., Awofeso, N. and Robitaille, M. C. (2012). Addressing female iron-deficiency anaemia in India: is vegetarianism the major obstacle? ISRN Public Health Article ID 765476, 8 pages.
Roy, C. S., Mukhopadhyay, A. and Bhadra, M. (2016). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Bengalee urban adult men of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review. 4: 45-50.
Roy, C.S., Mukhopadhyay, A. and Bhadra, M. (2016). Age variations in obesity, adiposity and central body fat distribution among Bengalee urban adult male of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review. 5: 74-83.
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AJCN, (1982). Report of the working group on fortification of salt. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34: 1442.
Basu, S., Basu, S., Hazarika, R. and Parmar, V. (2005). Prevalence of Anemia Among School Going Adolescents of Chandigarh. Ind. Ped. 42: 593-97.
Bentley, M. E. and Griffiths, P. L. (2003). The burden of anaemia among women in India. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 57: 52–60.
Bharati, P. (1983). A study on the relationship between socioeconomic condition, nutrition and health in a Mahishya population sample. PhD Thesis in Anthropology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.
Bharati, P. (1989). Variation in adult body dimensions in relation to economic condition among the Mahishya of Howrah district, West Bengal, India. Ann. Hum. Biol.16: 529-541.
Bharati, S., Pal, M., Bhattacharya, B. N. and Bharati, P. (2007). Prevalence and causes of chronic energy defficiency and obesity in women in India. Hum. Biol. 79: 395- 412.
Bharati, P., Som, S., Chakrabarty, S., Bharati, S. and Pal, M. (2008). Prevalence of anemia and its determinants among nonpregnant and pregnant women in India. Asia Pac. J. Pub. Health. 20: 347- 59.
Bharati, P., Som, S., Chakrabarty, S., Bharati, S. and Pal, M. (2009). Burden of anemia and its determinants among adolescent girls in India. Food Nutr. Bull. 30: 217-26.
Bielicki, T., Szklarska, A., Welon, Z. and Malina, R. M. (2000). Variation in the body mass index among young adult Polish females between 1965 and 1995. Int. J. Obes. 24: 658-662.
Bielicki, T., Szalarska, A., Welon, Z. and Rogucka, E. (2001). Variation in body mass index among Polish adults: effects of sex, age, birth cohort, and social class. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 116: 166-170.
Bose, K., Bisai, S. and Chakraborty, F. (2007a). Age variations in anthropometric and body composition variables and undernutrition in adult female Bathudis: a tribal population of Keonjhar district, Orissa, India. Anthrop. Anz. 3: 1-7.
Bose, K., Bisai, S., Das, P., Dikshit, S. and Pradhan, S. (2007b). Relationship of income with anthropometric indicators of chronic energy deficiency among adult female slum dwellers of Midnapore town. J. Hum. Ecol. 22: 171- 176.
Brabin, B. J. Hakimi, M. and Pelletier, D. (2001). An analysis of anaemia and pregnancy-related maternal mortality. J. Nutr. 131: 604S-14S.
Bracher, M. (1992). Breast feeding, lactation on fecundity, contraception and the space of births. Health. Trans. Rev. 2: 19- 47.
Chakraborty, R. and Mistri, A. (2012). Anthropometry and undernutrition among the adult Bengalee males in a slum in Eastern India: a comparative assessment. In: Bose K (Editor): Human Undernutrition: dual burden of underand over nutrition. New York: NOVA Science Pub. Pp. 227-238.
Chang, M. C., Poh, B. K., June, J., Jefrydin, N. and Das, S. (2009). A study of prevalence of anaemia in adolescent girls and reproductive-age women in Kuala Lumpur. Arch. Med. Sci. 5: 63-68. Chen, C. H. C., Schilling, L. S. and Lyder, C. H. (2001). A concept analysis of malnutrition in the community. J. Adv. Nurs. 36: 131-142.
Dangour, A. D., Hill, H. L. and Ismail, S. J. (2001). Hemoglobin status of adult nonpregnant Kazakh women living in KzylOrda region, Kazakhstan. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 55: 1068-1075.
Desai, S. (1994). Gender inequalities and demographic behaviour. India. New York: Population Council.
Desai, I. D., Garcia Tavares, M. L., Dutra de Oliveira, B. S., Pharm, B., Douglas, A., Duarte, A. M. and Dutra de Oliveira, J. E. (1980). Food habits and nutritional status of agricultural migrant workers in Southern Brazil. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 702-714.
Devadas, R. P., Vijayalakshmi, P. and Chandy, A. (1980). Nutritional status of the expectant mothers and their offspring. Ind. J. Nutri. Diet. 17: 275-280.
Choudhary, A., Prabhakar, D. M., Mony, P. and Mathai, M. (2006)Prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girls in the urban slums of Vellore, south India. Trop. Doct. 36: 167-169.
Disler, P. H., Lynch, S. R., Charlton, R. W., Torrance, J. D., Bothwell, T. H., Walker, R. B. and Mayet, F. (1975). The effect of tea on iron absorption. Gut 16: 193-200.
Ezzat, K., Fawzia, A. and Al-Awadi, A. (1996). Nutritional status survey of preschool children in Kuwait. Eastern Med. Health J. 2: 386-95.
Feachem, G. A., Kjellstrom, T., Murray, C. J. L., Over, M. and Phillips, M. A. (Eds). (1992). The Health of Adults in Developing World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ferro-Luzzi, A., Sette, S., Franklinm M. and James, W.P.T. (1992). A simplified approach of assessing adult chronic energy deficiency. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 46: 173-186.
Ghosh, R. and Bharati, P. (2003). Haemoglobin status of adult women of two ethnic groups living in a peri-urban area of Kolkata city, India: a micro-level study. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 12: 451-459.
GOI, Ministry of Human Resource Development. (1996). Report of the Task Force on Micronutrients (Vitamin A and Iron). New Delhi: Government of India. Hyder, S. M. Z., Persson, L., Chowdhury, A. M. R. and EkstroÈm, E. (2000). Anaemia among non-pregnant women in rural Bangladesh. Pub. Health Nutr. 4: 79-83.
IIPS and MI (International Institute of Population Sciences and Macro International). (2007). National Family Health Survey(NFHS-3, 2005-06: India: Volume I. Mumbai: IIPS.
Kaur, Y. P., Sagar, V. and Khirwar, S. S. (1982). Nutritional ecology and food consumption pattern of expectant mothers in selected villages and suburbs of Hissar. Ind. J. Nutr. Diet. 19: 50-58.
Khatun, A., Bhadra, M., Mukhopadhyay, A. and Bose, K. (2016). Anthropometric assessment of nutritional status of Muslim adolescents of Deganga, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review. 4: 34-39.
Khatun, A., Bhadra, M., Mukhopadhyay, A. and Bose, K. (2016). Nutritional status and effect of physical activity on anthropmetric characteristics of Bengalee Muslim adolescents boys of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review. 5: 8-14.
Khongsdier, R. (2002). Body mass index and morbidity in adult females of the War Khasi in Northeast India. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 56:484-89.
Khongsdier, R. (2006). Malnutrition, Social inequality and natural selection in human populations. In: K Bose (Ed). Ecology, Culture, Nutrition, Health and Disease. Hum. Ecol. (Special Issue). 14: 39-47.
Kotecha, P. V., Nirupam, S. and Karkar, P. D. (2009). Adolescent girls’ anaemia control programme, Gujarat, India. Indian J. Med. Res. 130: 584-589.
Lohman, T. G., Roche, A. F. and Martorell, R. (1988). Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Illinois: Human Kinetics Books.
Martorell, R. (1991). Maternal height as an indicator of risk. In: Krasovec, K., Anderson, M. A., (eds). Maternal Nutrition and Pregnancy Outcomes: Anthropometric Assessment, Part III: Height. Washington DC: Pan American Health Organization. Pp. 104-111.
Misra, A., Pandey, R. M., Rama Devi, J., Sharma, R., Vikram, N. K. and Khanna, N. (2001). High prevalence of diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia in urban slum population in Northern India. Int. J. Obes. 25: 1722-9.
Mandal, S. (2016). The nutritional health factors of Cashewnut (Anacardium occident ale, L.). International Journal of Experimental Research and Review. 7: 18-20.
Murray, C. J. L. and Lopez, A. D. (1996). The global burden of disease in 1990: Final results and their sensitivity to alternate epidemiological perspectives, discount rates, age weights and disability weights. In: Murray, C. J. L., Lopez, A.D. (eds). The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020, Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Nube, M., Asenso Okyere, W. K. and van den Bloom, G.J.M. (1998). Body mass index as an indicator of standard of living in developing countries. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 77: 1186-91.
Paknahad, Z., Mahboobm, S., Omidvar, N., Ebrahimi, M., Ostadrahimi, A., Afiatmilani, Sh. (2008). Body Mass Index and its Relationship with Hematological Indices in Iranian Women. Pak J. Nutr. 7: 377-380.
Pal, A., Sengupta, P. and Dhara, P. C. (2014). An investigation on prevalence of Anemia in relation to BMI and nutrient intake among adult rural population of West Bengal, India. Epidemiol. Biostats. Pub. Health. 11: e-8915.
Patil, S. N., Wasnik, V. and Wadke, R. (2009). Health Problems amongst Adolescent Girls In Rural Areas Of Ratnagiri District Of Maharashtra India. J. Clin. Diag. Res. 3: 1784-1790.
Penninx, B. W. J. H., Pahor, M. and Cesari, M. (2004). Anaemia is associated with disability and decreased physical performance and muscle strength in the elderly. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 52: 719–724.
Rammohan, A., Awofeso, N. and Robitaille, M. C. (2012). Addressing female iron-deficiency anaemia in India: is vegetarianism the major obstacle? ISRN Public Health Article ID 765476, 8 pages.
Roy, C. S., Mukhopadhyay, A. and Bhadra, M. (2016). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Bengalee urban adult men of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review. 4: 45-50.
Roy, C.S., Mukhopadhyay, A. and Bhadra, M. (2016). Age variations in obesity, adiposity and central body fat distribution among Bengalee urban adult male of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review. 5: 74-83.
Sanjeev, I., G. D. Indech, I. and Johnston, F. E. (1991). Skin fold thickness, body circumferences and their relationship to age, sex, and socio-economic status in adults from North-West India. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 3: 469-477.
Sathyanarayana, K., Venkataramana, Y. and Rao, S. M. (1989). Nutrition and work performance; studies carried out in India. In: : WA Kim (ed). Proc. Internatl. Cong. Nutr. Seoul, Internatl. Union of Nutr. Sci. Pp. 302-305.
Sawaya, A. L., Dallal, G. and Solymos, G. (1995). Obesity and malnutrition in a shantytown population in the city of Sao Paolo, Brazil. Obes. Res. 3(suppl.2): 135S143S.
Seidell, J. C., Verschuren, W. M. and Kromhout, D. (1995). Prevalence and trends of obesity in the Netherlands, 1987-1991. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 12: 924-927.
Seshadri, S. (1997). Nutritional anaemia in South Asia. In: Malnutrition in South Asia: a regional profile. Gillespie, S. (ed.). UNICEF: ROSA Publication. Pp. 75-124.
Sharma, A., Prasad, K. and Visweswara Rao, K. (2000). Identification of an appropriate strategy to control anaemia in adolescent girls of poor communities. New Delhi : Nutrition Foundation of India.
Seshadri, S. (1999). A database on iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in India: prevalence, causes, consequences and strategies for prevention. Department of Foods and Nutrition. WHO Collaborating Centre for Nutrition Research. The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India.
Subramanian, S. V., Ackerson, L. K., Davey Smith, G. and John, N. A. (2009). Association of maternal height with child mortality, anthropometric failure and anemia in India. JAMA. 301: 1691-1701.
Tiwari, K. and Seshadri, S. (2000). The prevalence of anaemia and morbidity profile among school going adolescent girls of urban Kathmandu, Nepal. J. Nep. Med. Assoc. 39: 319-325.
Tracer, D. P. (1997). Reproductive and socioeconomic correlates of maternal haemoglobin levels in a rural area of Papua New Guinea. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 2: 513-18.
UNICEF/UNU/WHO/MI. (1999). Preventing iron deficiency in women and children: background and consensus on key technical issues and resources for advocacy, planning and implementing National Programs. Geneva: WHO.
Vasanthi, G., Fawashe, A. B., Susie, H., Sujatha, T. and Raman, L. (1994). Iron nutritional status of adolescent girls from rural area and urban slum. Indian. Ped. 31: 127-132.
World Health Organisation (WHO). (1992). The Prevalence of Anemia in Women: A Tabulation of Available Information. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
World Health Organization. (1995). Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Technical Report series no. 854.
World Health Organization, Geneva. World Health Organization. (1996). The world health report 1996 - Fighting disease, fostering development. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
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2016-12-30
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Mistri, A. (2016). Nutritional status and haemoglobin level among adult Bengalee women in a sub-urban area in West Bengal. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review, 8, 81–91. Retrieved from https://qtanalytics.in/journals/index.php/IJERR/article/view/1315
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