Effects of heavy metal pollutants on polytene chromosomes of Chironomid larvae
Keywords:
Chironomids, biomarker, heavy metal, polytene chromosome
Abstract
The non-biting midges of genus Chironomus are well known biological indicator and widely used test organism for water quality studies. The larvae of this most abundant and widely distributed species of aquatic ecosystem are characterized by the presence of giant polytene chromosomes with very good banding pattern. The karyological characteristics of polytene chromosome have been used to show chromosomal aberration under action of heavy metal pollutants like copper, cadmium, lead, chromium, etc. Both structural and functional changes in response to heavy-metals have been shown in polytene chromosomes of chironomid larvae of different species from anthropogenically polluted water bodies and in laboratory cultures. Structural changes in response to heavy metal involve numerous inversions, deletions, duplications, deficiencies, centromeric breakages, telomere condensations/ de-condensations, amplification of some polytene areas, desynapses, alteration in puffing pattern etc. In some chironomid species it has been shown that the fourth chromosome has transformed into so called pompon due to heavy metal toxicity. Functional changes due to effect of heavy metal include higher or lower activity of puffs and Balbiani ring (BR) system and changes in activity of Nuclear Organizer Region (NOR). All these responses have shown to be species specific and dose dependent. It has been also shown that the sites of chromosomal rearrangements are associated with certain chromosomal breakpoints which are rich in repetitive DNA sequences. All these structural and functional changes of polytene chromosome system could be used as a tool for assessment of genotoxicity in aquatic ecosystems which can provide an early warning of adverse long term effects of heavy metals on aquatic organisms.
References
Alam, M. G. M., Snow, E.T. and Tanaka, A. (2003). Arsenic and heavy-metal contamination of vegetables grown in Samta village Bangladesh. Sci. Total E nviron. 308: 83–96.
Aziz, J. B., Akrawi, N. M. and Nassori, G. A. (1991). The effect of chronic toxicity of copper on the activity of Balbiani rings and nucleolar organizing region in the salivary gland chromosomes of Chironomus ninevah larvae. Environmental Pollution. 69(2-3): 125- 130.
Beldi, H., Gimbert, F., Maas, S., Scheifler, R. and Soltani, N. (2006). Seasonal variations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the edible Mollusc Donax trunculus (Mollusca, Bivalvia) from the gulf of Annaba, Algeria. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 1(4): 85-90.
Benke, A. C. and Wallace, J. B. (1997). Trophic basis of production among riverine caddisflies: implications for food web analysis. Ecology. 78: 1132-1145.
Bhattacharya, P. (2015). Transfer of heavy metals from lake water to biota: a potential threat to migratory birds of Mathura lake, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review (IJERR). 1: 1-7.
Bovero, S., Hankeln, T., Michailova, P., Schmidt, E. and Sella, G. (2002). Nonrandom chromosomal distribution of spontaneous breakpoints and satellite DNA clusters in two geographically distant populations of Chironomus riparius (Diptera, Chironomidae). Genetica. 115: 273-281.
Brus, D., Li, Z.B., Temminghoffd, E.J.M., Song, J., Koopmans, G.F., Luo, Y.M. and Japenga, J. (2009). Predictions of spatially averaged cadmium cContents in rice grains in the Fuyang Valley, P.R. China. J. Environ. Qual. 38: 1126-1136.
Burger, J. (2006). Bioindicators: A Review of Their Use in the Environmental Literature 1970–2005. Environmental Bioindicators. 1(2): 136-144.
Caceres, M., Barbadilla, A. and Ruiz, A. (1997). Inversion length and breakpoint distribution in the Drosophila buzzatii species complex: Is inversion length a selected trait? Evolution. 51: 1149- 1155.
Chakraborti, D., Das, B. and Rahman, M. M. (2009). Status of groundwater arsenic contamination in the state of West Bengal, India: a 20-year study report. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 53: 542–551.
Cranston, P. S. (1995). Introduction. In: The Chironomidae: The Biology and Ecology of Non- Biting Midges, P. D. Armittage, P. S. Cranston, and L. C. V. Pinder (Eds). Chapman and Hall, New York. Pp. 1-6.
Devai, G., Miskolczi, M. and Wülker, W. (1989). Standardization of chromosome arms B, C and D in Chironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Acta. Biologica. Debrecina. Supplementum. Oecologica Hungarica. 2: 79-92.
Diez, L., Cortes E., Merimo, J. and Santa Cruz, M. (1990). Galactose induced puffing changes in Chironomus thummi Balbiani rings and their dependence on protein synthesis. Chromosoma. 99: 61-70.
Dube, M. G. and Culp, J. M. (1996). Growth responses of periphyton and chironomids exposed to biologically treated bleached-kraft pulp mill effluent. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 15: 2019-2027.
Ercal, N., Gurer-Orhan, H. and Aykin-Burns, N. (2001). Toxic metals and oxidative stress Part I: Mechanism involved in metal induced oxidative damage. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 1: 529-539.
Farlex Incorporated. (2005). Definition: Environment, The Free Dictionary, (2005) Farlex Inc. Publishing, U.S.A. (www.thefreedictionary.com/).
Haefliger, P., Mathieu-Nolf, M., Lociciro, S., Ndiaye, C., Coly, M., Diouf, A., Lam Faye, A., Sow, A., Tempowski, J., Pronczuk, J., Filipe, A. P., Bertollini, R. and Neira, M. (2009). Mass Lead Intoxication from Informal Used LeadAcid Battery Recycling in Dakar, Senegal. Environ Health Perspect. 117: 1535-1540.
Hägele, K. (1970). DNA replicationmuster der speicheldrusen chromosomen von Chironomiden Chromosoma. 31: 91– 138.
Hutton, M. and Symon, C. (1986). The Quantities of Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Arsenic Entering the U.K. Environment from Human Activities. Sci. Total Environ. 57: 129-150.
Ilkova, J. (2004). Chromosome variability of species of sub-family Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Polluted Regions near Sofia. Acta Zool. Bulgaria. 56(1): 15–30.
Keyl, H.G. (1962). Chromosomen evolution bei Chironomus.II. hromosomenumbauten undphylogenetische Beziehungen der Arten. Chromosoma. 13: 464-514.
Kiknadze, I. (1987). Chromosomal polymorphism in natural pop-ulations of plumosus species-group of West Siberia. Entomol. Scand. Su: l. 29: 113– 121.
Kiknadze, I., Gunderina, L., Filipova, M. and Seray, E. (1988). Chromosomal polymorphism in natural and laboratory populations of Chironomus thummi Kieff. Genetika. 24: 795-1805 (In Russian). Kiknadze, I.I., Shilova A. and Kekris, I. (1991). Karyotype and morphology of larvae in Chironomini. Atlas. Novosibirsk. Pp. 117. Lenntech Water Treatment and Air Purification (2004). Water Treatment, Published by Lenntech, Rotterdamseweg, Netherlands (www.excelwater.com/thp/filters/Wate r-Purification.htm.).
Martin, J., Chung, H., Balakrishnan, T. & Robin, C. (2010). Preliminary Physical Maps of the Chironomus Genome, with a Focus on Genes Potentially Involved in Response to Heavy Metals. In: Ferrington, L. C., Jr. (ed.). Proceedings of the XV International Symposium on Chironomidae. Chironomidae Research Group, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Pp. 222-234.
Martinez, E. A., Moore, B. C., Schaumloffel, J. and Dasgupta, N. (2001). Induction of morphological deformities in Chironomus tentans exposed to zincand lead-spiked sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 20: 2475-2481.
Maximova, F. L. (1976). The karyotype of Chironomus plumosus from Ust- Izhola wild population of Leningrad region. Tsitologya. 18: 1264-1269.
Meester, L. D. (1993). Genotype, FishMediated Chemical, and Phototactic Behavior in Daphnia Magna. Ecology. 74: 1467–1474. Michailova, P. (1985). Method of breeding the species from family Chironomidae, Diptera in experimental conditions CR. Acad. Bulg. Des Sciences. 38(9): 1179– 1181. Michailova, P. and Petrova, N. (2004). Natural hybridization in Insects, Diptera (Model group–family Chironomidae). In Evolution and Ecology, Sofia, U. S. Bulgaria. Pp. 9-19.
Michailova, P. Petrova, N., Ramella, L., Sella, G., Todorova, J. and Zelano, V. (1996). Cytogenetic characteristics of a population of Chironomus riparius Meigen 1804 (Diptera, hironomidae) from a polluted Po river station. Genetica. 98: 161-178.
Michailova, P., Ilkova, I. and White, K. N. (2003). Functional and struc-tural rearrangements of salivary gland chromosomes of Chironomus riparius Mg. (Diptera, Chironomidae) in response to freshly neutralized aluminium . Envi-ron. Pollut. 123: 193–207.
Michailova, P., Ilkova, J., Kerr, R. and White, K. (2009a). Chromosome variability in Chironomus acidophilus Keyl from the Afon Goach, UK – a river subject to long-term metal pollution. Aquatic Insects. 31(3): 213–225.
Michailova, P., Ilkova, J.and Hankeln, T. (2009c). Somatic break-points, distribution of repetative DNA and nonLTR retrotransposones insertion sites in the chromosomes of Chironomus piger Strenzke (Diptera, Chironomi-dae). Genetica. 135: 137–148.
Michailova, P., Petrova, N., Sella, G., Ramella, L. and Bovero, S. (1998). Structural,functional rearrangements in chromosome G in Chironomus riparius Meigen (Diptera, Chironomidae) collected from a heavy metal polluted Piedmont station, Italy. Environmental Pollution. 103: 127–135.
Michailova, P., Ramella, L., Sella, G.and Bovero, S. (1997). C-band variation in polytene chromosomes of Chironomus riparius Mg (Diptera, Chironomidae) from a pol-luted Piedmont station (Italy) Cytobios. 90: 139–151.
Michailova, P., Szarek-Gwiazda, E. and Kovnacki, A. (2009b). Effect of contaminants on the genome of some species of genus Chironomus (Chironomidae, Diptera) live in sediments of Dunajec river and Czorsztyn re-servoir. Water, Air and Soil Pollut. 202: 245–258.
Michailova, P. and Mettenen, A. (2000). Cytotaxonomical variabil-ity of Chironomus plumosus L. and Chironomus anthracinus Zett. (Diptera, Chironomidae) fromindustrial and municipal polluted areas of Finland Caryologia. 53(1): 69–81.
Miller, J.R., Hudson-Edwards, K. A., Lechler, P. J., Preston, D. and Macklin, M. G. (2004). Heavy-metal contamination of water, soil and produce within riverine communities of the Rıo Pilcomayo basin, Bolivia. Sci. Total Environ. 320: 189–209.
Mitra, A., Bannerjee, K., Ghosh, R. and Ray, S. K. (2010). Bioaccumulation pattern of heavy metals in the shrimps of the lower stretch of the River Ganga. Mesopot. J. Mar. Sci. 25 (2): 1 - 14.
Oliver, D. R. (1971). Life history of Chironomidae. Annual Review of Entomology. 16: 211- 230.
Onder, S., Dursun, S., Gezgin, S. and Demirbas, A. (2007). Determination of Heavy Metal Pollution in Grass and Soil of City Centre Green Areas (Konya, Turkey). Polish J. of Environ. Stud. 16(1): 145-154.
Pandey, J., Subhasis, K. and Pandey, R. (2009). Metal Contamination of Ganga River (India) as Influencedby Atmospheric Deposition. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 83: 204–209.
Petrova, N. and Michailova, P. (2002). Cytogenetic characteristics of Chironomus bernensis Wülker and Klötzli (Diptera, Chironomidae) from a heavy metal polluted station in Northern Italy. Ann. Zool. 52(2): 227– 233.
Petrova, N. A., Michailova, P. and Ilkova J. (2004). Comparative Cytogenetic Variation of the Salivary Gland Polytene Chromosomes in Chironomus riparius Mg. 1804 (Diptera, Chironomidae) from two Polluted Biotopes of Bulgaria and Russia, Russian Journal of Genetics. 40(1): 40 – 48.
Planello, R., Martinez-Guitarte L. and Morcillo, G. (2007). Ribosomal genes as early target of cadmium,induced toxicity in Chironomus riparius larvae. Sciences in the Total Environment. 373: 113 – 121.
Saha, S. B., Mitra, A., Bhattacharya, S. B., and Choudhury, A. (2001). Status of sediment with special reference to heavy metal pollution of a brackishwater tidal ecosystem in northern Sundarbans of West Bengal. Tropical Ecology. 42(1): 127-132.
Sarkar, P., Bhaduri, S., Ghosh, C. and Midya, T. (2011a). The species of chironomus as biosensor in detecting environmental pollution: a study on chironomus striatipennis kieffer (diptera: chironomidae). The Ecoscan, special issue. (1): 363-368.
Sarkar, P., Bhaduri, S., Ghosh, C. and Midya, T. (2011b). A study on the polymorphic fourth chromosome of Chironomus striatipennis (kieffer). The Bioscan. 6(3): 383-387.
Sella, G., Bovero, S., Ginepro, M., Michailova, P., Petrova, N., Robotti, C. A. and Zelano, V. (2004). Inherited and somatic cytogenetic variability in Palearctic populations of Chironomus riparius Meigen 1804 (Diptera, Chironomidae). Genome. 47: 332–344.
Sella, G., Robotti, C., Michailova, P. and Ramella, L. (2001). Repetitive DNA size variation in three sections of the chromosome EF in a population of Chironomus riparius Mg (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Piedmont (Italy). Caryologia, (Firenze). 54(2): 155–160.
Temara, A., Skei, J. M., Gillan, D., Warnau, M., Jangoux, M. and Dubois, P. (1998). Validation of the asteroid Asterias rubens (Echinodermata) as a bioindicator of spatial and temporal trends of Pb, Cd, and Zn contamination in the field. Mar. Environ. Res. 45(4-5): 341-356.
Timmermans, K. R., Peeters, W. and Tonkes, M. (1992). Cadmium, zinc, lead and copper in Chironomus riparius (Meigen) larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae) - Uptake and effects. Hydrobiologia. 241: 119- 134.
Wieslander, L. (1994). The Balbiani ring multigene family: coding sequences and evolution of a tissue, specific function. Proc. Nucleic Acids Res. 48: 275-313.
Yagi, S. (1984). Effects of ligation on ethanol induced Balbiani ring puffing in salivary gland of Chironomus. Chromosoma. 89: 274 – 279.
Yingmei, Z., Yejing, W., Runliu, Y. U., Sheng, Z. and Zhenbin, W. U. (2008). Effects of heavy metals Cd2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ on DNA damage of loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Front. Biol. 3(1): 50- 54.
Zampicinini, G. P., Blinov, A., Cervella, P. and Sella, G. (2004). Insertional polymorphism of a non – LTR mobile element (NLRCth1) in European populations of Chironomus riparius (Diptera, Chironomidae) as detected by transposon insertion display. Genome. 47(11): 54–1163.
Aziz, J. B., Akrawi, N. M. and Nassori, G. A. (1991). The effect of chronic toxicity of copper on the activity of Balbiani rings and nucleolar organizing region in the salivary gland chromosomes of Chironomus ninevah larvae. Environmental Pollution. 69(2-3): 125- 130.
Beldi, H., Gimbert, F., Maas, S., Scheifler, R. and Soltani, N. (2006). Seasonal variations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the edible Mollusc Donax trunculus (Mollusca, Bivalvia) from the gulf of Annaba, Algeria. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 1(4): 85-90.
Benke, A. C. and Wallace, J. B. (1997). Trophic basis of production among riverine caddisflies: implications for food web analysis. Ecology. 78: 1132-1145.
Bhattacharya, P. (2015). Transfer of heavy metals from lake water to biota: a potential threat to migratory birds of Mathura lake, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review (IJERR). 1: 1-7.
Bovero, S., Hankeln, T., Michailova, P., Schmidt, E. and Sella, G. (2002). Nonrandom chromosomal distribution of spontaneous breakpoints and satellite DNA clusters in two geographically distant populations of Chironomus riparius (Diptera, Chironomidae). Genetica. 115: 273-281.
Brus, D., Li, Z.B., Temminghoffd, E.J.M., Song, J., Koopmans, G.F., Luo, Y.M. and Japenga, J. (2009). Predictions of spatially averaged cadmium cContents in rice grains in the Fuyang Valley, P.R. China. J. Environ. Qual. 38: 1126-1136.
Burger, J. (2006). Bioindicators: A Review of Their Use in the Environmental Literature 1970–2005. Environmental Bioindicators. 1(2): 136-144.
Caceres, M., Barbadilla, A. and Ruiz, A. (1997). Inversion length and breakpoint distribution in the Drosophila buzzatii species complex: Is inversion length a selected trait? Evolution. 51: 1149- 1155.
Chakraborti, D., Das, B. and Rahman, M. M. (2009). Status of groundwater arsenic contamination in the state of West Bengal, India: a 20-year study report. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 53: 542–551.
Cranston, P. S. (1995). Introduction. In: The Chironomidae: The Biology and Ecology of Non- Biting Midges, P. D. Armittage, P. S. Cranston, and L. C. V. Pinder (Eds). Chapman and Hall, New York. Pp. 1-6.
Devai, G., Miskolczi, M. and Wülker, W. (1989). Standardization of chromosome arms B, C and D in Chironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae). Acta. Biologica. Debrecina. Supplementum. Oecologica Hungarica. 2: 79-92.
Diez, L., Cortes E., Merimo, J. and Santa Cruz, M. (1990). Galactose induced puffing changes in Chironomus thummi Balbiani rings and their dependence on protein synthesis. Chromosoma. 99: 61-70.
Dube, M. G. and Culp, J. M. (1996). Growth responses of periphyton and chironomids exposed to biologically treated bleached-kraft pulp mill effluent. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 15: 2019-2027.
Ercal, N., Gurer-Orhan, H. and Aykin-Burns, N. (2001). Toxic metals and oxidative stress Part I: Mechanism involved in metal induced oxidative damage. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 1: 529-539.
Farlex Incorporated. (2005). Definition: Environment, The Free Dictionary, (2005) Farlex Inc. Publishing, U.S.A. (www.thefreedictionary.com/).
Haefliger, P., Mathieu-Nolf, M., Lociciro, S., Ndiaye, C., Coly, M., Diouf, A., Lam Faye, A., Sow, A., Tempowski, J., Pronczuk, J., Filipe, A. P., Bertollini, R. and Neira, M. (2009). Mass Lead Intoxication from Informal Used LeadAcid Battery Recycling in Dakar, Senegal. Environ Health Perspect. 117: 1535-1540.
Hägele, K. (1970). DNA replicationmuster der speicheldrusen chromosomen von Chironomiden Chromosoma. 31: 91– 138.
Hutton, M. and Symon, C. (1986). The Quantities of Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Arsenic Entering the U.K. Environment from Human Activities. Sci. Total Environ. 57: 129-150.
Ilkova, J. (2004). Chromosome variability of species of sub-family Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Polluted Regions near Sofia. Acta Zool. Bulgaria. 56(1): 15–30.
Keyl, H.G. (1962). Chromosomen evolution bei Chironomus.II. hromosomenumbauten undphylogenetische Beziehungen der Arten. Chromosoma. 13: 464-514.
Kiknadze, I. (1987). Chromosomal polymorphism in natural pop-ulations of plumosus species-group of West Siberia. Entomol. Scand. Su: l. 29: 113– 121.
Kiknadze, I., Gunderina, L., Filipova, M. and Seray, E. (1988). Chromosomal polymorphism in natural and laboratory populations of Chironomus thummi Kieff. Genetika. 24: 795-1805 (In Russian). Kiknadze, I.I., Shilova A. and Kekris, I. (1991). Karyotype and morphology of larvae in Chironomini. Atlas. Novosibirsk. Pp. 117. Lenntech Water Treatment and Air Purification (2004). Water Treatment, Published by Lenntech, Rotterdamseweg, Netherlands (www.excelwater.com/thp/filters/Wate r-Purification.htm.).
Martin, J., Chung, H., Balakrishnan, T. & Robin, C. (2010). Preliminary Physical Maps of the Chironomus Genome, with a Focus on Genes Potentially Involved in Response to Heavy Metals. In: Ferrington, L. C., Jr. (ed.). Proceedings of the XV International Symposium on Chironomidae. Chironomidae Research Group, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Pp. 222-234.
Martinez, E. A., Moore, B. C., Schaumloffel, J. and Dasgupta, N. (2001). Induction of morphological deformities in Chironomus tentans exposed to zincand lead-spiked sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 20: 2475-2481.
Maximova, F. L. (1976). The karyotype of Chironomus plumosus from Ust- Izhola wild population of Leningrad region. Tsitologya. 18: 1264-1269.
Meester, L. D. (1993). Genotype, FishMediated Chemical, and Phototactic Behavior in Daphnia Magna. Ecology. 74: 1467–1474. Michailova, P. (1985). Method of breeding the species from family Chironomidae, Diptera in experimental conditions CR. Acad. Bulg. Des Sciences. 38(9): 1179– 1181. Michailova, P. and Petrova, N. (2004). Natural hybridization in Insects, Diptera (Model group–family Chironomidae). In Evolution and Ecology, Sofia, U. S. Bulgaria. Pp. 9-19.
Michailova, P. Petrova, N., Ramella, L., Sella, G., Todorova, J. and Zelano, V. (1996). Cytogenetic characteristics of a population of Chironomus riparius Meigen 1804 (Diptera, hironomidae) from a polluted Po river station. Genetica. 98: 161-178.
Michailova, P., Ilkova, I. and White, K. N. (2003). Functional and struc-tural rearrangements of salivary gland chromosomes of Chironomus riparius Mg. (Diptera, Chironomidae) in response to freshly neutralized aluminium . Envi-ron. Pollut. 123: 193–207.
Michailova, P., Ilkova, J., Kerr, R. and White, K. (2009a). Chromosome variability in Chironomus acidophilus Keyl from the Afon Goach, UK – a river subject to long-term metal pollution. Aquatic Insects. 31(3): 213–225.
Michailova, P., Ilkova, J.and Hankeln, T. (2009c). Somatic break-points, distribution of repetative DNA and nonLTR retrotransposones insertion sites in the chromosomes of Chironomus piger Strenzke (Diptera, Chironomi-dae). Genetica. 135: 137–148.
Michailova, P., Petrova, N., Sella, G., Ramella, L. and Bovero, S. (1998). Structural,functional rearrangements in chromosome G in Chironomus riparius Meigen (Diptera, Chironomidae) collected from a heavy metal polluted Piedmont station, Italy. Environmental Pollution. 103: 127–135.
Michailova, P., Ramella, L., Sella, G.and Bovero, S. (1997). C-band variation in polytene chromosomes of Chironomus riparius Mg (Diptera, Chironomidae) from a pol-luted Piedmont station (Italy) Cytobios. 90: 139–151.
Michailova, P., Szarek-Gwiazda, E. and Kovnacki, A. (2009b). Effect of contaminants on the genome of some species of genus Chironomus (Chironomidae, Diptera) live in sediments of Dunajec river and Czorsztyn re-servoir. Water, Air and Soil Pollut. 202: 245–258.
Michailova, P. and Mettenen, A. (2000). Cytotaxonomical variabil-ity of Chironomus plumosus L. and Chironomus anthracinus Zett. (Diptera, Chironomidae) fromindustrial and municipal polluted areas of Finland Caryologia. 53(1): 69–81.
Miller, J.R., Hudson-Edwards, K. A., Lechler, P. J., Preston, D. and Macklin, M. G. (2004). Heavy-metal contamination of water, soil and produce within riverine communities of the Rıo Pilcomayo basin, Bolivia. Sci. Total Environ. 320: 189–209.
Mitra, A., Bannerjee, K., Ghosh, R. and Ray, S. K. (2010). Bioaccumulation pattern of heavy metals in the shrimps of the lower stretch of the River Ganga. Mesopot. J. Mar. Sci. 25 (2): 1 - 14.
Oliver, D. R. (1971). Life history of Chironomidae. Annual Review of Entomology. 16: 211- 230.
Onder, S., Dursun, S., Gezgin, S. and Demirbas, A. (2007). Determination of Heavy Metal Pollution in Grass and Soil of City Centre Green Areas (Konya, Turkey). Polish J. of Environ. Stud. 16(1): 145-154.
Pandey, J., Subhasis, K. and Pandey, R. (2009). Metal Contamination of Ganga River (India) as Influencedby Atmospheric Deposition. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 83: 204–209.
Petrova, N. and Michailova, P. (2002). Cytogenetic characteristics of Chironomus bernensis Wülker and Klötzli (Diptera, Chironomidae) from a heavy metal polluted station in Northern Italy. Ann. Zool. 52(2): 227– 233.
Petrova, N. A., Michailova, P. and Ilkova J. (2004). Comparative Cytogenetic Variation of the Salivary Gland Polytene Chromosomes in Chironomus riparius Mg. 1804 (Diptera, Chironomidae) from two Polluted Biotopes of Bulgaria and Russia, Russian Journal of Genetics. 40(1): 40 – 48.
Planello, R., Martinez-Guitarte L. and Morcillo, G. (2007). Ribosomal genes as early target of cadmium,induced toxicity in Chironomus riparius larvae. Sciences in the Total Environment. 373: 113 – 121.
Saha, S. B., Mitra, A., Bhattacharya, S. B., and Choudhury, A. (2001). Status of sediment with special reference to heavy metal pollution of a brackishwater tidal ecosystem in northern Sundarbans of West Bengal. Tropical Ecology. 42(1): 127-132.
Sarkar, P., Bhaduri, S., Ghosh, C. and Midya, T. (2011a). The species of chironomus as biosensor in detecting environmental pollution: a study on chironomus striatipennis kieffer (diptera: chironomidae). The Ecoscan, special issue. (1): 363-368.
Sarkar, P., Bhaduri, S., Ghosh, C. and Midya, T. (2011b). A study on the polymorphic fourth chromosome of Chironomus striatipennis (kieffer). The Bioscan. 6(3): 383-387.
Sella, G., Bovero, S., Ginepro, M., Michailova, P., Petrova, N., Robotti, C. A. and Zelano, V. (2004). Inherited and somatic cytogenetic variability in Palearctic populations of Chironomus riparius Meigen 1804 (Diptera, Chironomidae). Genome. 47: 332–344.
Sella, G., Robotti, C., Michailova, P. and Ramella, L. (2001). Repetitive DNA size variation in three sections of the chromosome EF in a population of Chironomus riparius Mg (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Piedmont (Italy). Caryologia, (Firenze). 54(2): 155–160.
Temara, A., Skei, J. M., Gillan, D., Warnau, M., Jangoux, M. and Dubois, P. (1998). Validation of the asteroid Asterias rubens (Echinodermata) as a bioindicator of spatial and temporal trends of Pb, Cd, and Zn contamination in the field. Mar. Environ. Res. 45(4-5): 341-356.
Timmermans, K. R., Peeters, W. and Tonkes, M. (1992). Cadmium, zinc, lead and copper in Chironomus riparius (Meigen) larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae) - Uptake and effects. Hydrobiologia. 241: 119- 134.
Wieslander, L. (1994). The Balbiani ring multigene family: coding sequences and evolution of a tissue, specific function. Proc. Nucleic Acids Res. 48: 275-313.
Yagi, S. (1984). Effects of ligation on ethanol induced Balbiani ring puffing in salivary gland of Chironomus. Chromosoma. 89: 274 – 279.
Yingmei, Z., Yejing, W., Runliu, Y. U., Sheng, Z. and Zhenbin, W. U. (2008). Effects of heavy metals Cd2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ on DNA damage of loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Front. Biol. 3(1): 50- 54.
Zampicinini, G. P., Blinov, A., Cervella, P. and Sella, G. (2004). Insertional polymorphism of a non – LTR mobile element (NLRCth1) in European populations of Chironomus riparius (Diptera, Chironomidae) as detected by transposon insertion display. Genome. 47(11): 54–1163.
Published
2016-02-28
How to Cite
Ghosh, C. (2016). Effects of heavy metal pollutants on polytene chromosomes of Chironomid larvae. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review, 3, 14-29. Retrieved from https://qtanalytics.in/journals/index.php/IJERR/article/view/1349
Issue
Section
Articles
