Imaging Characteristics and Diagnostic Challenges of Alveolar Hydatid Disease in The Liver: A Comprehensive Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2024.v39spl.013Keywords:
Alveolar hydatid disease, calcified liver lesions, cystic liver lesionsAbstract
Alveolar Hydatid Disease (AHD) of the liver, primarily caused by the parasitic infection Echinococcus multilocularis, presents a formidable diagnostic challenge. This disease mimics a range of hepatic conditions, complicating accurate identification and timely treatment. Our study aimed to delineate the distinct imaging characteristics of AHD, facilitating better diagnostic accuracy. In this prospective study, we analysed the imaging results from thirty-five patients with confirmed AHD, either through pathology or serology. Utilizing contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), we thoroughly evaluated the radiological signatures specific to AHD. The findings demonstrated that amorphous calcifications, a hallmark of AHD, were consistently present across all patients in CT scans. MRI revealed a predominant pattern of large solid lesions accompanied by significant cystic or necrotic components. These imaging traits are critical in differentiating AHD from other hepatic diseases, such as hepatocellular carcinoma or metastatic liver disease, which often present with similar symptoms but require vastly different treatment approaches. Our study underscores the necessity of recognizing these specific imaging patterns early in the diagnostic process, a step that is crucial for the implementation of effective treatment strategies. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the imaging characteristics of AHD, highlighting the role of advanced imaging techniques in improving diagnostic accuracy. These findings are a significant contribution to the medical field, especially for radiologists and clinicians dealing with hepatic diseases, enhancing patient outcomes through precise diagnosis and timely intervention.
References
Abbasi, B., Akhavan, R., Ghamari K.A., Darban Hosseini Amirkhiz, G., Rezaei-Dalouei, H., Tayebi, S., . . . Darban Hosseini Amirkhiz, S. (2021). Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of hydatid disease: A pictorial review of uncommon imaging presentations. Heliyon, 7(5), e07086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07086
Alshoabi, S. A., Alkalady, A. H., Almas, K. M., Magram, A. O., Algaberi, A. K., Alareqi, A. A., . . . Gareeballah, A. (2023). Hydatid Disease: A Radiological Pictorial Review of a Great Neoplasms Mimicker. Diagnostics (Basel), 13(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061127
Bhatia, J. K., Ravikumar, R., Naidu, C. S., & Sethumadhavan, T. (2016). Alveolar hydatid disease of the liver: A rare entity in India. Med. J. Armed. Forces India, 72(Suppl 1), S126-S129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2015.12.005
Bulakci, M., Kartal, M. G., Yilmaz, S., Yilmaz, E., Yilmaz, R., Sahin, D., . . . Erol, O. B. (2016). Multimodality imaging in diagnosis and management of alveolar echinococcosis: an update. Diagn. Interv. Radiol., 22(3), 247-256. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2015.15456
Chouhan, M. D., Wiley, E., Chiodini, P. L., & Amin, Z. (2019). Hepatic alveolar hydatid disease (Echinococcus multilocularis), a mimic of liver malignancy: a review for the radiologist in non-endemic areas. Clin. Radiol., 74(4), 247-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2019.01.007
Christodoulidis, G., Samara, A. A., Diamantis, A., Floros, T., Sgantzou, I. K., Karakantas, K. S., . . . Tepetes, K. (2021). Reaching the Challenging Diagnosis of Complicated Liver Hydatid Disease: A Single Institution's Experience from an Endemic Area. Medicina (Kaunas), 57(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57111210
Eckert, J., & Deplazes, P. (2004). Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 17(1), 107-135. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.17.1.107-135.2004
Graeter, T., Kratzer, W., Oeztuerk, S., Haenle, M. M., Mason, R. A., Hillenbrand, A., . . . Gruener, B. (2016). Proposal of a computed tomography classification for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. World J. Gastroenterol., 22(13), 3621-3631. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i13.3621
Horkaew, P., Chansangrat, J., Keeratibharat, N., & Le, D. C. (2023). Recent advances in computerized imaging and its vital roles in liver disease diagnosis, preoperative planning, and interventional liver surgery: A review. World J Gastrointest Surg, 15(11), 2382-2397. https://doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v15.i11.2382
Kantarci, M., Bayraktutan, U., Karabulut, N., Aydinli, B., Ogul, H., Yuce, I., . . . Oto, A. (2012). Alveolar echinococcosis: spectrum of findings at cross-sectional imaging. Radiographics, 32(7), 2053-2070. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.327125708
Kern, P. (2010). Clinical features and treatment of alveolar echinococcosis. Curr. Opin Infect Dis., 23(5), 505-512. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e32833d7516
Khullar, D., Jha, A. K., & Jena, A. B. (2015). Reducing Diagnostic Errors--Why Now? N Engl J Med., 373(26), 2491-2493. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1508044
Kim, J. H., Joo, I., & Lee, J. M. (2019). Atypical Appearance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Mimickers: How to Solve Challenging Cases Using Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced Liver Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Korean J. Radiol., 20(7), 1019-1041. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2018.0636
Knapp, J., Lallemand, S., Monnien, F., Felix, S., Valmary-Degano, S., Courquet, S., . . . Millon, L. (2022). Molecular diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis in patients based on frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Parasite, 29, 4. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2022004
Kodama, Y., Fujita, N., Shimizu, T., Endo, H., Nambu, T., Sato, N., . . . Miyasaka, K. (2003). Alveolar echinococcosis: MR findings in the liver. Radiology, 228(1), 172-177. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2281020323
Kovac, J. D., Mitrovic, M., Jankovic, A., Andrejevic, M., Bogdanovic, A., Zdujic, P., . . . Dugalic, V. (2022). Hepatocellular Carcinoma Presenting Simultaneously with Echinococcal Cyst Mimicking a Single Liver Lesion in a Non-Cirrhotic Patient: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Diagnostics (Basel), 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071583
Kumar, Y., Koul, A., Singla, R., & Ijaz, M. F. (2023). Artificial intelligence in disease diagnosis: a systematic literature review, synthesizing framework and future research agenda. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput, 14(7), 8459-8486. doi:10.1007/s12652-021-03612-z
Kwee, R. M., & Kwee, T. C. (2019). Calcified or ossified benign soft tissue lesions that may simulate malignancy. Skeletal Radiol., 48(12), 1875-1890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-019-03272-3
Liu, W., Delabrousse, E., Blagosklonov, O., Wang, J., Zeng, H., Jiang, Y., . . . Wen, H. (2014). Innovation in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis imaging: best use of old tools, and necessary evaluation of new ones. Parasite, 21, 74. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2014072
Machado, N. O. (2011). Biliary complications postlaparoscopic cholecystectomy: mechanism, preventive measures, and approach to management: a review. Diagn. Ther. Endosc., 2011, 967017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/967017
Maddah, G., Abdollahi, A., Sharifi-Nooghabi, R., Tavassoli, A., Rajabi-Mashadi, M. T., Jabbari-Nooghabi, A., & Jabbari-Nooghabi, M. (2016). Difficulties in the diagnosis and management of alveolar hydatid disease: A case series. Caspian. J. Intern. Med., 7(1), 52-56.
Matsukuma, S., Tokumitsu, Y., Shindo, Y., Matsui, H., & Nagano, H. (2019). Essential updates to the surgical treatment of biliary tract cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg., 3(4), 378-389. https://doi.org/10.1002/ags3.12266
Mavilia, M. G., Pakala, T., Molina, M., & Wu, G. Y. (2018). Differentiating Cystic Liver Lesions: A Review of Imaging Modalities, Diagnosis and Management. J Clin Transl Hepatol, 6(2), 208-216. https://doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2017.00069
McManus, D. P., Zhang, W., Li, J., & Bartley, P. B. (2003). Echinococcosis. Lancet, 362(9392), 1295-Complicated Liver Hydatid Disease: A Single Institution's Experience from an Endemic Area. Medicina (Kaunas), 57(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57111210
Eckert, J., & Deplazes, P. (2004). Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 17(1), 107-135. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.17.1.107-135.2004
Graeter, T., Kratzer, W., Oeztuerk, S., Haenle, M. M., Mason, R. A., Hillenbrand, A., . . . Gruener, B. (2016). Proposal of a computed tomography classification for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. World J. Gastroenterol., 22(13), 3621-3631. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i13.3621
Horkaew, P., Chansangrat, J., Keeratibharat, N., & Le, D. C. (2023). Recent advances in computerized imaging and its vital roles in liver disease diagnosis, preoperative planning, and interventional liver surgery: A review. World J Gastrointest Surg, 15(11), 2382-2397. htttps://doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v15.i11.2382
Kantarci, M., Bayraktutan, U., Karabulut, N., Aydinli, B., Ogul, H., Yuce, I., . . . Oto, A. (2012). Alveolar echinococcosis: spectrum of findings at cross-sectional imaging. Radiographics, 32(7), 2053-2070. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.327125708
Kern, P. (2010). Clinical features and treatment of alveolar echinococcosis. Curr. Opin Infect Dis., 23(5), 505-512. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e32833d7516
Khullar, D., Jha, A. K., & Jena, A. B. (2015). Reducing Diagnostic Errors--Why Now? N Engl J Med., 373(26), 2491-2493. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1508044
Kim, J. H., Joo, I., & Lee, J. M. (2019). Atypical Appearance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Mimickers: How to Solve Challenging Cases Using Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced Liver Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Korean J. Radiol., 20(7), 1019-1041. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2018.0636
Knapp, J., Lallemand, S., Monnien, F., Felix, S., Valmary-Degano, S., Courquet, S., . . . Millon, L. (2022). Molecular diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis in patients based on frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Parasite, 29, 4. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2022004
Kodama, Y., Fujita, N., Shimizu, T., Endo, H., Nambu, T., Sato, N., . . . Miyasaka, K. (2003). Alveolar echinococcosis: MR findings in the liver. Radiology, 228(1), 172-177. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2281020323
Kovac, J. D., Mitrovic, M., Jankovic, A., Andrejevic, M., Bogdanovic, A., Zdujic, P., . . . Dugalic, V. (2022). Hepatocellular Carcinoma Presenting Simultaneously with Echinococcal Cyst Mimicking a Single Liver Lesion in a Non-Cirrhotic Patient: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Diagnostics (Basel), 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071583
Kumar, Y., Koul, A., Singla, R., & Ijaz, M. F. (2023). Artificial intelligence in disease diagnosis: a systematic literature review, synthesizing framework and future research agenda. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput, 14(7), 8459-8486. doi:10.1007/s12652-021-03612-z
Kwee, R. M., & Kwee, T. C. (2019). Calcified or ossified benign soft tissue lesions that may simulate malignancy. Skeletal Radiol., 48(12), 1875-1890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-019-03272-3
Liu, W., Delabrousse, E., Blagosklonov, O., Wang, J., Zeng, H., Jiang, Y., . . . Wen, H. (2014). Innovation in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis imaging: best use of old tools, and necessary evaluation of new ones. Parasite, 21, 74. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2014072
Machado, N. O. (2011). Biliary complications postlaparoscopic cholecystectomy: mechanism, preventive measures, and approach to management: a review. Diagn. Ther. Endosc., 2011, 967017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/967017
Maddah, G., Abdollahi, A., Sharifi-Nooghabi, R., Tavassoli, A., Rajabi-Mashadi, M. T., Jabbari-Nooghabi, A., & Jabbari-Nooghabi, M. (2016). Difficulties in the diagnosis and management of alveolar hydatid disease: A case series. Caspian. J. Intern. Med., 7(1), 52-56.
Matsukuma, S., Tokumitsu, Y., Shindo, Y., Matsui, H., & Nagano, H. (2019). Essential updates to the surgical treatment of biliary tract cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg., 3(4), 378-389. https://doi.org/10.1002/ags3.12266
Mavilia, M. G., Pakala, T., Molina, M., & Wu, G. Y. (2018). Differentiating Cystic Liver Lesions: A Review of Imaging Modalities, Diagnosis and Management. J Clin Transl Hepatol, 6(2), 208-216. https://doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2017.00069
McManus, D. P., Zhang, W., Li, J., & Bartley, P. B. (2003). Echinococcosis. Lancet, 362(9392), 1295-Abbasi, B., Akhavan, R., Ghamari K.A., Darban Hosseini Amirkhiz, G., Rezaei-Dalouei, H., Tayebi, S., . . . Darban Hosseini Amirkhiz, S. (2021). Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of hydatid disease: A pictorial review of uncommon imaging presentations. Heliyon, 7(5), e07086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07086
Alshoabi, S. A., Alkalady, A. H., Almas, K. M., Magram, A. O., Algaberi, A. K., Alareqi, A. A., . . . Gareeballah, A. (2023). Hydatid Disease: A Radiological Pictorial Review of a Great Neoplasms Mimicker. Diagnostics (Basel), 13(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061127
Bhatia, J. K., Ravikumar, R., Naidu, C. S., & Sethumadhavan, T. (2016). Alveolar hydatid disease of the liver: A rare entity in India. Med. J. Armed. Forces India, 72(Suppl 1), S126-S129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2015.12.005
Bulakci, M., Kartal, M. G., Yilmaz, S., Yilmaz, E., Yilmaz, R., Sahin, D., . . . Erol, O. B. (2016). Multimodality imaging in diagnosis and management of alveolar echinococcosis: an update. Diagn. Interv. Radiol., 22(3), 247-256. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2015.15456
Chouhan, M. D., Wiley, E., Chiodini, P. L., & Amin, Z. (2019). Hepatic alveolar hydatid disease (Echinococcus multilocularis), a mimic of liver malignancy: a review for the radiologist in non-endemic areas. Clin. Radiol., 74(4), 247-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2019.01.007
Christodoulidis, G., Samara, A. A., Diamantis, A., Floros, T., Sgantzou, I. K., Karakantas, K. S., . . . Tepetes, K. (2021). Reaching the Challenging Diagnosis of Complicated Liver Hydatid Disease: A Single Institution's Experience from an Endemic Area. Medicina (Kaunas), 57(11).https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57111210
Eckert, J., & Deplazes, P. (2004). Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 17(1), 107-135. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.17.1.107-135.2004
Graeter, T., Kratzer, W., Oeztuerk, S., Haenle, M. M., Mason, R. A., Hillenbrand, A., . . . Gruener, B. (2016). Proposal of a computed tomography classification for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. World J. Gastroenterol., 22(13), 3621-3631. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i13.3621
Horkaew, P., Chansangrat, J., Keeratibharat, N., & Le, D. C. (2023). Recent advances in computerized imaging and its vital roles in liver disease diagnosis, preoperative planning, and interventional liver surgery: A review. World J Gastrointest Surg, 15(11), 2382-2397.https://doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v15.i11.2382
Kantarci, M., Bayraktutan, U., Karabulut, N., Aydinli, B., Ogul, H., Yuce, I., . . . Oto, A. (2012). Alveolar echinococcosis: spectrum of findings at cross-sectional imaging. Radiographics, 32(7), 2053-2070. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.327125708
Kern, P. (2010). Clinical features and treatment of alveolar echinococcosis. Curr. Opin Infect Dis., 23(5), 505-512. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e32833d7516
Khullar, D., Jha, A. K., & Jena, A. B. (2015). Reducing Diagnostic Errors--Why Now? N Engl J Med., 373(26), 2491-2493. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1508044
Kim, J. H., Joo, I., & Lee, J. M. (2019). Atypical Appearance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Mimickers: How to Solve Challenging Cases Using Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced Liver Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Korean J. Radiol., 20(7), 1019-1041. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2018.0636
Knapp, J., Lallemand, S., Monnien, F., Felix, S., Valmary-Degano, S., Courquet, S., . . . Millon, L. (2022). Molecular diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis in patients based on frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Parasite, 29, 4. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2022004
Kodama, Y., Fujita, N., Shimizu, T., Endo, H., Nambu, T., Sato, N., . . . Miyasaka, K. (2003). Alveolar echinococcosis: MR findings in the liver. Radiology, 228(1), 172-177. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2281020323
Kovac, J. D., Mitrovic, M., Jankovic, A., Andrejevic, M., Bogdanovic, A., Zdujic, P., . . . Dugalic, V. (2022). Hepatocellular Carcinoma Presenting Simultaneously with Echinococcal Cyst Mimicking a Single Liver Lesion in a Non-Cirrhotic Patient: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Diagnostics (Basel), 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071583
Kumar, Y., Koul, A., Singla, R., & Ijaz, M. F. (2023). Artificial intelligence in disease diagnosis: a systematic literature review, synthesizing framework and future research agenda. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput, 14(7), 8459-8486. doi:10.1007/s12652-021-03612-z
Kwee, R. M., & Kwee, T. C. (2019). Calcified or ossified benign soft tissue lesions that may simulate malignancy. Skeletal Radiol., 48(12), 1875-1890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-019-03272-3
Liu, W., Delabrousse, E., Blagosklonov, O., Wang, J., Zeng, H., Jiang, Y., . . . Wen, H. (2014). Innovation in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis imaging: best use of old tools, and necessary evaluation of new ones. Parasite, 21, 74.https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2014072
Machado, N. O. (2011). Biliary complications postlaparoscopic cholecystectomy: mechanism, preventive measures, and approach to management: a review. Diagn. Ther. Endosc., 2011, 967017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/967017
Maddah, G., Abdollahi, A., Sharifi-Nooghabi, R., Tavassoli, A., Rajabi-Mashadi, M. T., Jabbari-Nooghabi, A., & Jabbari-Nooghabi, M. (2016). Difficulties in the diagnosis and management of alveolar hydatid disease: A case series. Caspian. J. Intern. Med., 7(1), 52-56.
Matsukuma, S., Tokumitsu, Y., Shindo, Y., Matsui, H., & Nagano, H. (2019). Essential updates to the surgical treatment of biliary tract cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg., 3(4), 378-389. https://doi.org/10.1002/ags3.12266
Mavilia, M. G., Pakala, T., Molina, M., & Wu, G. Y. (2018). Differentiating Cystic Liver Lesions: A Review of Imaging Modalities, Diagnosis and Management. J Clin Transl Hepatol, 6(2), 208-216. https://doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2017.00069
McManus, D. P., Zhang, W., Li, J., & Bartley, P. B. (2003). Echinococcosis. Lancet, 362(9392), 1295-1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14573-4
Mehta, P., Prakash, M., & Khandelwal, N. (2016). Radiological manifestations of hydatid disease and its complications. Trop. Parasitol., 6(2), 103-112. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5070.190812
Mortele, K. J., Segatto, E., & Ros, P. R. (2004). The infected liver: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics, 24(4), 937-955. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.244035719
Mulroy, E., Baschieri, F., Magrinelli, F., Latorre, A., Cortelli, P., & Bhatia, K. P. (2021). Movement Disorders and Liver Disease. Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract., 8(6), 828-842. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.13238
Nunnari, G., Pinzone, M. R., Gruttadauria, S., Celesia, B. M., Madeddu, G., Malaguarnera, G., . . . Cacopardo, B. (2012). Hepatic echinococcosis: clinical and therapeutic aspects. World J. Gastroenterol., 18(13), 1448-1458. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i13.1448
Okuda, K. (2002). Inferior vena cava thrombosis at its hepatic portion (obliterative hepatocavopathy). Semin Liver Dis., 22(1), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-23203
Parry, A. H., Wani, A. H., & Feroz, I. (2020). The spectrum of multimodality imaging findings in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis and the potential role of diffusion-weighted imaging in its characterisation. Pol. J. Radiol., 85, e613-e623. https://doi.org/10.5114/pjr.2020.101015
Paul, S., & Sadhukhan, G. (2023). Combinatorial impact of Chelerythrine and DADS in the restoration of liver physiology during carcinogenic exposure in mice (Mus musculus). Int. J. Exp. Res. Rev., 34(Special Vol.), 57-71. https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2023.v34spl.007
Quarrie, R., & Stawicki, S. P. (2018). Portal vein thrombosis: What surgeons need to know. Int. J. Crit. Illn. Inj. Sci., 8(2), 73-77. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJCIIS.IJCIIS_71_17
Rodriguez Carnero, P., Hernandez Mateo, P., Martin-Garre, S., Garcia Perez, A., & Del Campo, L. (2017). Unexpected hosts: imaging parasitic diseases. Insights Imaging, 8(1), 101-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13244-016-0525-2
Sadr, S., Lotfalizadeh, N., Abbasi, A. M., Soleymani, N., Hajjafari, A., Roohbaksh Amooli Moghadam, E., & Borji, H. (2023). Challenges and Prospective of Enhancing Hydatid Cyst Chemotherapy by Nanotechnology and the Future of Nanobiosensors for Diagnosis. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 8(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8110494
Sarkari, B., & Rezaei, Z. (2015). Immunodiagnosis of human hydatid disease: Where do we stand? World J. Methodol., 5(4), 185-195. https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v5.i4.185
Srinivas, M. R., Deepashri, B., & Lakshmeesha, M. T. (2016). Imaging Spectrum of Hydatid Disease: Usual and Unusual Locations. Pol. J. Radiol., 81, 190-205. https://doi.org/10.12659/PJR.895649
Torgerson, P. R., Keller, K., Magnotta, M., & Ragland, N. (2010). The global burden of alveolar echinococcosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis., 4(6), e722. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000722
Vernuccio, F., Cannella, R., Bartolotta, T. V., Galia, M., Tang, A., & Brancatelli, G. (2021). Advances in liver US, CT, and MRI: moving toward the future. Eur. Radiol. Exp., 5(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41747-021-00250-0
Wazir, H., Abid, M., Essani, B., Saeed, H., Ahmad Khan, M., Nasrullah, F., . . . Ullah, F. (2023). Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Disease: Current Trends and Future Directions. Cureus, 15(12), e49920. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.49920
Zhang, H., Guo, D., Liu, H., He, X., Qiao, X., Liu, X., . . Fang, Z. (2022). MRI-Based Radiomics Models to Discriminate Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Non-Hepatocellular Carcinoma in LR-M According to LI-RADS Version 2018. Diagnostics (Basel), 12(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12051043
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
