A comprehensive characterization and therapeutic properties in ripened Noni fruits (Morinda citrifolia L.)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2022.v29.002Keywords:
Noni fruits, Morinda citrifolia L., GCMS, FTIR, XRD, Medicinal valueAbstract
In this study, methanolic extracts from fresh ripening noni fruits (NFs) (Morinda citrifolia) were analyzed using GC-MS, FTIR, and XRD methods. Comprehensive assessments were studied by proximate analysis (PA), higher heat value (HHV), bulk density (BD) and swelling index (SI). The qualitative analysis of the ripening NFs extracts in various solvents, including distilled water, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl formamide, and methanol, revealed positive results for starch, terpenoids, saponin, and cardiac glycosides. The percentages of volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon in PA are 78.799±0.592, 7.18±0.044 and 14.02±0.553, respectively. To use biomass as energy, PA is essential that burns in a gaseous state (volatile matter), solid-state (fixed carbon), and inorganic waste material (ash). It is important to consider the HHV of 17.185±0.103 MJ/kg when estimating the potential for energy recovery from the fruit's biomass. Compositional analysis (CA) was used to determine the percentages of the extractive contents (4.497±0.346), cellulose (33.114±0.261), lignin (9.569±0.399), and hemicellulose (17.89±0.608), all of which have substantial antibacterial properties. Our research looked at its BD (0.312±0.001g/cm3) and SI (1.535±0.022%), resulting in increased susceptibility of the biomass to microbial activity. FTIR and XRD reveal C-O, O-H, N-H, O=C=O, C-H, and O-H linkages with solid lattice spacing. It helps to determine how a substance will interact with biological tissue following implantation. However, no research documents were found in any literature about the oil from noni fruits for the purpose of external pain relief. Advice on using NFs oil for pain treatment comes from our field study of a woman who is 80 years old. In ripening NFs extract, GC-MS analysis identified 100 phytochemicals, including D-limonene, 3-carene, gamma-terpinene, methyl eugenol, caryophyllene, hentriacontane etc. GCMS and virtual screening-cum-molecular docking studies have been done and reported first time to check the documentation and look for caryophyllene that could be used for pain-relieving properties. These compounds have been shown to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, inflammation in the brain and oxidative stress-related effects. Our research confirms the bioactive potential of ripening NFs as an alternative medication source.
References
Alma, M.H., Nitz, S., Kollmannsberger, H., Digrak, M., Efe, F.T., & Yilmaz, N. (2004). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from the gum of Turkish pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 3911–3914, doi: 10.1021/jf040014e.
Almeida, É.S., de Oliveira, D., & Hotza, D. (2019). Properties and applications of Morinda citrifolia (noni): A review. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 18: 883–909. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12456
A.O.A.C. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis (15 Ed.). The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Virginia. pp. 1220.
ASTM D-1762-84 (1989) Standard test methods for chemical analysis of wood charcoal. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 569–571.
Banerjee, J., Biswas, S., Madhu, N. R., Roy-Karmakar, S., & Biswas, S. J. (2014). A better understanding of pharmacological activities and uses of phytochemicals of Lycopodium clavatum: A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 3(1), 207-210.
Bar, H., Bhui, D.K., Sahoo, G.P., Sarkar, P., De, S.P., & Misra, A. (2009). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using latex of Jatropha curcas. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 339(1‐3), 134–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.02.008
Bhattacharjee, P. (2021). Some medicinal plants with anti-fertility potential used by the tribal people of the District Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review. 24, 30-39.
doi: https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2016.v03.006
Cao, Y., & Tan, H. (2005). Study on crystal structures of enzyme-hydrolyzed cellulosic materials by X-ray diffraction. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 36, 314e317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.09.002
Charunuch, C., Tangkanakul, P., Rungchang, S., & Sonted, V. (2008). Application of mulberry (Morus alba) for supplementing antioxidant activity in extruded thai rice snack. Acta Hortic., 786, 137-146. 10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.786.14
Choi, S.I., Kwon, H.Y., La, I. J., Jo, Y. H., Han, X., Men, X., Lee, S. J., Kim, Y. D., Seong, G.S., & Lee, O.H. (2021). Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for Deacetylasperulosidic Acid, Asperulosidic Acid, Scopolin, Asperuloside and Scopoletin in Fermented Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni). Separations, 8, 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8060080
da Silva, A.C., Lopes, P.M., de Azevedo, M.M., Costa, D.C., Alviano, C.S., & Alviano, D.S. (2012). Biological activities of alpha-pinene and beta-pinene enantiomers. Molecules, 17, 6305–6316, doi: 10.3390/molecules17066305.
Das P., Samanantary, S., & Rout, G. R. (1997). Studies on cadmium toxicity in plants. A Review. Environ. Pollut., 98, 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00110-3
Fitzgerald, M., Heinrich, M., & Booker, A. (2020). Medicinal Plant Analysis: A Historical and Regional Discussion of Emergent Complex Techniques. Front. Pharmacol., 10,1480. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01480
Gertsch, J., Leonti, M., Raduner, S., Racz, I., Chen, J.Z., Xie, X.Q., Altmann, K.H., Karsak, M., & Zimmer, A. (2008). Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 105(26), 9099-9104. 10.1073/pnas.0803601105.
Glang, J., Falk, W., & Westendorf, J. (2013). Effect of Morinda citrifolia L. fruit juice on gingivitis/periodontitis. Modern Research in Inflammation, 2, 21-27. https://doi.org/10.4236/mri.2013.22003
González, A. M., Tracanna, María, I., Amani, S. M., Schuff, C., Poch, M. J., Bach, H., & Catalán, C. A. N. (2012). Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of the Volatile Oil and Methanol Extract of Xenophyllum poposum. Natural Product Communications, 7(12), 1934578X1200701. 10.1177/1934578X1200701230
Haro, A.T., Furst, A., & Falk, H. L. (1968). Studies on the acute toxicity of nickelocene proc west. Pharmocol. Soc., 11, 39-42. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-196912000-00029
Hussain, K. A., shahazad, & Hussain, S. Z., (2009). An ethanobotanical survey of important wild medicinal plants of Hattar District Haripur, Pakistan. Ethanobotanical Leaflets, 29, 35.
James, P.B., Wardle, J., & Steel, A. (2018). Traditional, complementary and alternative medicine use in Sub Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMJ Glob Health., 3, e000895. doi: 10.1136/ bmjgh-2018-000895
Jang, D., Lee, J., Eom, S.H., Lee, S.M., Gil, J., Lim, H.B., & Hyun, T. K. (2016). Composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Eleutherococcus senticosus fruit extracts. J. App. Pharm. Sci., 6(03), 125-130.
7324/JAPS.2016.60322
Javed, H., Azimullah, S., Haque, M.E., & Ojha, S.K. (2016). Cannabinoid Type 2 (CB2) Receptors Activation Protects against Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation Associated Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Rotenone Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci., 10, 321. 10.3389/fnins.2016.00321.
Kabouss, A.E., Charrouf, Z., Faid, M., Garneau, F. X., & Collin, G. (2011). Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Leaf Essential Oil of Argania spinosa L. Skeels. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 14(2), 147–149.
doi: 10.1080/10412905.2002.9699801
Kar, D., Ghosh, P., Suresh, P., Chandra, S., & Paul, D. (2022). Review on Phyto-chemistry & pharmacological activity of Melia azedarach. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review, 28, 38-46. https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2022.v28.006
Klemeš, J. J., Van Fan, Y., Tan, R. R., & Jiang, P. (2020). Minimising the present and future plastic waste, energy and environmental footprints related to COVID-19. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 127, 109883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109883
Kundu, A., Saha, S., Walia, S., Ahluwalia, V., & Kaur, C. (2013). Antioxidant potential of essential oil and cadinene sesquiterpenes of Eupatorium adenophorum. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 95(1), 127–137. 10.1080/02772248.2012.759577
Li, F., Jiang, T., Li, Q., & Ling, X. (2017). Camptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives are known to target topoisomerase I (Top1) as their mechanism of action: did we miss something in CPT analogue molecular targets for treating human disease such as cancer? Am. J. Cancer Res., 7(12), 2350-2394.
Maiti, A., Madhu, N.R., & Manna, C. K. (2010). Ethnomedicine used by the tribal people of the district Purulia, W. B., India in controlling fertility: and experimental study. Pharmacologyonline, 1, 783-802.
Maiti, A., Madhu, N. R., & Manna, C. K. (2013). Natural products traditionally used by the tribal people of the Purulia district, West Bengal, India for the abortifacient purpose. International Journal of Traditional Medicine (TANG), 3(2), e14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5667/tang.2012.0045
Marrelli, M., Conforti, F., Araniti, F., & Statti, G.A. (2016). Effects of Saponins on Lipid Metabolism: A Review of Potential Health Benefits in the Treatment of Obesity. Molecules, 21, 1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21101404
McKendry, P. (2002). Energy production from biomass (Part 1): Overview of biomass. Bioresource Technology, 83, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00118-3
Milne, T. A., Chum, H. L., Agblevor, F. A., & Johnson, D. K. (1992). Standard analytical methods. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2(1–6), 341–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(92)90109-4
Morsy, N. (2017). Cardiac Glycosides in Medicinal Plants. In (Ed.), Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature. Intech Open. doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/65963
Mothé, C.G., & de Miranda, I. C. (2009). Characterization of sugarcane and coconut fibers by thermal analysis and FTIR. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 97, 661–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-009-0346-3
Motshakeri, M., & Ghazali, H.M. (2015). Nutritional, phytochemical and commercial quality of noni fruit: A multi-beneficial gift from nature. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 45, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.06.004
Naqbi, K.M.A.A., Karthishwaran, K., Kurup, S.S., Abdul M. A., M., & Jaleel, A. (2022). Phytochemicals, Proximate Composition, Mineral Analysis and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Calligonum crinitum Boiss. Horticulturae, 8, 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020156
NREL, A., Sluiter, B., Hames, D., Hyman, C., Payne, R., Ruiz, C., Scarlata, J., Sluiter, D., Templeton, Wolfe, J. Determination of Total Solids in Biomass and Total Dissolved Solids in Liquid Process Samples Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP).
Nwaiwu, O., & Ibekwe, V. (2006). Studies on microbial quality, swelling index and moisture content of white and yellow garri in storage. International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development.
Panche, A.N., Diwan, A.D., & Chandra, S.R. (2016). Flavonoids: an overview. J. Nutr. Sci., 5, e47. 10.1017/jns.2016.41.
Pearson, J. (1976). Determination of phytic acid and phosphorus content of biological materials. Cambridge University Press, London.
Pieri, F.A., Souza, M.C., Vermelho, L.L., Vermelho, M.L., Perciano, P.G., Vargas, F.S., Borges, A.P., da Veiga-Junior, V.F., & Moreira, M.A. (2016). Use of β-caryophyllene to combat bacterial dental plaque formation in dogs. BMC Vet. Res., 12(1), 216. doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0842-1.
Potterat, O., & Hamburger, M. (2007). Morinda citrifolia (Noni) fruit-phytochemistry, pharmacology, safety. Planta Medica., 73(3), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-967115
Prado, B. M., Kim, S., Ozen, B. F., & Mauer, L. J. (2005). Differentiation of carbohydrate gums and mixtures using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(8), 2823–2829. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0485537
Salehi, B., Upadhyay, S., Orhan, I. E., Jugran, A. K., Jayaweera, S.L.D., Dias, D. A., Sharopov, F., Taheri, Y., Martins, N., Baghalpour, N., Cho, W. C., & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2019). Therapeutic Potential of α- and β-Pinene: A Miracle Gift of Nature. Biomolecules, 9, 738. 10.3390/biom9110738
Sanyal, R., Mallick, S., & Mazumder, A. (2018). Indigenous Knowledge of Ethnic Community on Usage of Kripa (Lumnitzera racemosa) and its preliminary screening. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review, 15, 44-50. https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2018.v15.007
Sarkar, B., Jana, S. K., Kasem, S. K., & Behera, B. K. (2016). Therapeutic potential of some Medicinal plants on wound healing. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review, 2, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2016.v2.001
Sarkar, B. (2016). Ethnic practices and human welfare in India: An attempt for controlling fertility. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review, 2, 28-31. doi: ttps://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2016.v2.006
Singh, D. R. (2012). Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni): A review of the scientific validation for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology, 3(6), 77-91. https://doi.org/10.5897/JDE10.006
Sitarek, P. B., Rijo, P., Garcia, C., SkaBa, E., Kalemba, D., BiaBas, A. J., Szemraj, J., Pytel, D., Toma, M., Nska, H. W., & Uliwi., N. T. (2017). Antibacterial, anti-Inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties of essential oils from hairy and normal Roots of Leonurus sibiricus L. and their chemical composition. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017, 7384061, (pp. 1-12). https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7384061
Swain, S.S., Singh, S.R., Sahoo, A., Hussain, T., & Pati, S. (2021). Anti-HIV-drug and phyto-flavonoid combination against SARS-CoV-2: a molecular docking-simulation base assessment. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 2021, 1-14. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1885495
Swamy, M.K., Akhtar, M.S., & Sinniah, U.,R. (2016). Antimicrobial Properties of Plant Essential Oils against Human Pathogens and Their Mode of Action: An Updated Review. Evid Based Complement Alternat. Med., 2016, 3012462. doi: 10.1155/2016/3012462
Sybilska, D., Kowalczyk, J., Asztemborska, M., Ochocka, R.J., & Lamparczyk, H. (1994). Chromatographic studies of the enantiomeric composition of some therapeutic compositions applied in the treatment of liver and kidney diseases. J. Chromatogr. A., 665, 67–73, doi:10.1016/0021-9673(94)87033-0
Thoppil, R. J., & Bishayee, A. (2011). Terpenoids as potential chemopreventive and therapeutic agents in liver cancer. World J. Hepatol., 3(9), 228–249. 10.4254/wjh.v3.i9.228
United States Pharmacopoaeia (2003). Bulk Density and Tapped Density. Asian Ed., 26, 2125.
Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74, 3583e3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
Venditto, V.J., & Simanek, E. E. (2010). Cancer Therapies Utilizing the Camptothecins: A Review of the in-vivo Literature. Molecular Pharmaceutics, 7 (2), 307-349. 10.1021/mp900243b
Winnacker, M., & Rieger, B. (2015). Recent progress in sustainable polymers obtained from cyclic terpenes: Synthesis, properties, and application potential. Chem. Sus. Chem., 8, 2455–2471, doi: 10.1002/cssc.201500421
Yao, L.H., Jiang, Y.M., Shi, J., Tomás-Barberán, F.A., Datta, N., Singanusong, R., &
Chen, S. S. (2004). Flavonoids in Food and Their Health Benefits. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 59, 113–122.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-004-0049-7
Zhou, J.Y., Tang, F.D., Mao, G.G., & Bian, R.L. (2004). Effect of alpha-pinene on nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B in THP-1 cells. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 25, 480–484.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
