Acute toxicity of sodium chloride on different developmental stages (Egg, Spawn, Fry and Fingerlings) of Labeo rohita (Rohu)
Keywords:
Acute toxicity, bioassay, Labeo rohita, LC50, rohu, sodium chloride
Abstract
The acute toxicity test of the sodium chloride (NaCl) was studied on different stages (egg, spawn, fry and fingerlings) of freshwater fish, Labeo rohita, Hamilton, through bioassay test. Different concentrations of sodium chloride salt solutions (0.5 – 10000, 1.2 - 20000, 0.75 - 11250 and 50-10000 ppm) were selected for toxicity studied of egg, spawn, fry and fingerlings respectively. Percentage of dead or damaged egg, spawn, fry and fingerling at 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 hours were recorded for the calculation of LC50. The LC50 values of NaCl of egg, spawn, fry and fingerling were ranged from 5561.04 -3.25, 3564 -357, 10001.87 - 750.23 and 9738 - 5206.95 ppm in 6 - 96 hours respectively. The fish exposed to the salt solutions showed erratic swimming and loss of balance in a dose dependent manner. The regression values and the 95% confidence limits of the LC50 values for each test were also calculated for different time periods. The increase in NaCl concentration in water increased the toxicity and reduced the duration to damage 50% of the eggs, spawn, fry and fingerling. Low hatchability, delayed hatching, poor survival observed in the test solutions >1000ppm concentration.
References
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Vosyliene, M. Z., Baltrenas, P. and Kazlauskiene, A. (2006). Toxicity of Road Maintenance Salts to Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Ekologija. 2:15- 20.
Ward G.S. and Parrish, P.R. (1982). Manual of Methods in Aquatic environmental research. Part 6. Toxicity Tests . FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No 185 FIRI/T185.
World Health Organization. (2003). Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality: Chloride in Drinking-water. World Health Organization.
Al-Daham, N. K. and Bhatti, M. N. (1977). Salinity Tolerance of Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) and Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Journal of Fisheries Biology. 11:309-313.
APHA (1998). Standard methods for the exami- -nation of water and wastewater, 16th ed., American Public Health Association Water Pollution Central Federation and American Water Works Association: New York, USA.
Birge, W.J., Black, J.A., Westerman, A.G., Short, T.M., Taylor, S.B., Bruser, D.M. and Wallingford, E.D. (1985). Recommendations on numerical values for regulating iron and chloride concentrations for the purpose of protecting warm water species of aquatic life in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Memorandum of Agreement No. 5429. Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet. Lexington, KY. Boeuf, G. and Payan, P. (2001). How should salinity influence fish growth? Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 30(4):411-23.
Elphick, J.R.F., Bergh, K.D. and Bailey, H.C. (2011). Chronic toxicity of chloride to freshwater species: effects of hardness and implications for water quality guidelines. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 30:239-246.
ENVIRON International Corporation (2009). Chloride toxicity test results. Prepared for: Iowa Water Pollution Control Association. Project Number: #20- 22235A. Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit Analysis. Univ. Press, Cambridge. Pp. 333.
Garibay, R. and Hall, S. (2004). Chloride Threshold Recommendations for the Protection of Aquatic Life in the Upper Santa Clara River. The Advent Group, Brentwood, TN. Attachment 8: NaCl Testing with Three-Spined Stickleback; Attachment 9: NaCl Testing with Chorus Frog Tadpoles.
Goel, P.K. (1997). Water pollution causes effects and control. New age International (P) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi.
Goel, H., Kohli G. S. and Lai, H. (1986): Serum phosphohexose isomerase levels in patients with head and neck cancer. Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 100 : 581-585.
Hinton, M.J. and Eversole, A.G. (1979). Toxicity of ten chemicals commonly used in aquaculture to the black eel stage of the American eel. Proceedings of the World Mariculture Society. 10:554-560.
Iqbal, K. J., Qureshi, N. A., Ashraf, M., Rehman, M. H. U., Khan, N., Javid, A., Abbas, F., Mushtaq, M. M. H., Rasool, F. and Majeed, H. (2012). Effect of different salinity levels on growth and survival of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences. 22(4): 919-922.
Khan, A. A. and Siddqui, A.Q. (1974). Seasonal change in the limnology of a perennial fish pond at Aligarh. Indian J. Fish. 21: 463-478.
Khatavkar, S. D., Kulkarni, A.Y and Goel, P.K. (1990). Phytoplankton flora of some fresh Waterbodies in South-western Maharashtra. Environment and Ecology. 8:267-275.
Lisboa, V., Barcarolli, I. F., Sampaio, L. A. and Bianchini, A. (2015). Effect of salinity on survival, growth and biochemical parameters in juvenile Lebranch mullet Mugil liza (Perciformes: Mugilidae). Neotropical Ichthyology. 13(2): 447-452.
Metelev, V.V., Kanaev, A.I. and Dzasokhova, N.G. (1983). Water Toxicology. Amerind Publishing Co. pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Pp.216.
Mohapatra, B.C., Rengarajan, K. (1995). A Manual of Bioassays in the Laboratory and Their Techniques. CMFRI Spec. Pub. 64, CMFRI, Cochin, India. Pp. 75.
Mohapatra, B.C. (1999). Purna Saline Tract, Maharastra state: Assessment of ground water quality through fish bioassays. D.Sc. Thesis, Berhampur Univ., Berhampur. Pp.101.
Mount, D.R., Gulley, D.D., Hockett J.R., Garrison, T.D. and. Evans, J.M. (1997). Statistical models to predict the toxicity of major ions to Ceriodaphia dubia, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnows). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 16: 2009-2019.
Nagpal. N.K., Levy, D.A. and Macdonald, D.D. (2003). Ambient Water Quality Guidelines for Chloride- Overview Report. British Columbia. Water, Air and Climate Change Branch. National Research Council of Canada. (1977).The effects of alkali halides in the Canadian environment. NRC No. 15019, Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, Ottawa. National Research Council of Canada. Cited In: Health Canada, 1987.
Reish, D.L. and Oshida, P.S. (1987). Manual of Methods in Aquatic Environment Research. Part 10. Short-term Static Bioassay. FAO Fish. Technical paper. 247: 1-62.
Seegert, G. L., Brooks, A. S., Castle, I. R. V. and Gradall, K. (1979). The effects of monochloramine on selected riverine fishes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 108 : 88-96.
Sparks, R. T., Shepherd, B. S., Ron, B. N. H., Riley, L. G., Iwama, G. H., Hirano, T. and Grau, E. G. (2003). Effects of environmental salinity and 17-alphamethyl testosterone on growth and oxygen consumption in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Mol. Biol. 136(4): 657-65.
Standing Committee Of Analysts. (1981). Acute Toxicity testing with aquatic orgamisms1981. Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials. Her majesty’s Stationery Office, London. Trama, F.B. (1954). The acute toxicity of some common salts of sodium, potassium, and calcium to the common bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia. 196: 185.
Vonck, A. P. M. A., Bonga, S. W. and Flik, G. (1998). Sodium and calcium balance in Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, raised at different salinities. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 119(2): 441-449.
Vosyliene, M. Z., Baltrenas, P. and Kazlauskiene, A. (2006). Toxicity of Road Maintenance Salts to Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Ekologija. 2:15- 20.
Ward G.S. and Parrish, P.R. (1982). Manual of Methods in Aquatic environmental research. Part 6. Toxicity Tests . FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No 185 FIRI/T185.
World Health Organization. (2003). Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality: Chloride in Drinking-water. World Health Organization.
Published
2016-06-30
How to Cite
Mallick, A., Mohapatra, B., & Sarangi, N. (2016). Acute toxicity of sodium chloride on different developmental stages (Egg, Spawn, Fry and Fingerlings) of Labeo rohita (Rohu). International Journal of Experimental Research and Review, 5, 49-57. Retrieved from https://qtanalytics.in/journals/index.php/IJERR/article/view/1333
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