An Exemplary Computational Approach to Investigate Lumpy Skin Disease in  Indian Cattle

Deepak Kumar; Bhanu Sharma; Pooja Khurana

doi:10.52756/ijerr.2023.v33spl.004

Authors

Deepak Kumar Department of Applied Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9419-8895
Bhanu Sharma Department of Applied Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, India https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5734-8929
Pooja Khurana Department of Applied Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6913-5382

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2023.v33spl.004

Keywords:

Lumpy skin disease, epidemiology, differential equation, mathematical model

Abstract

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a highly consequential infectious ailment that affects cattle caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), which is a DNA virus classified under the Capripoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. This affliction presents a significant obstacle in the cattle industries of several Asian and African countries. Although the virus may be found in many physiological fluids and excretions, such as sperm, skin lesions are the primary source of infection. Hematophagous arthropods, such as biting flies, mosquitoes, and ticks, act as mechanical vectors for transmission. The geographical expansion of LSDV is believed to have been assisted by vector-borne transmission. However, a lack of quantitative understanding of the transmission of LSDV hinders the implementation of efficient disease control measures. Obstacles as mentioned earlier, this work focuses on developing a mathematical model to analyze the phenomenon of Lumpy Skin Disease, with a specific emphasis on its implications for the cattle sectors in African and Asian countries. The model encompasses a set of differential equations incorporating the influences of infection forces originating from sick and asymptomatic cattle, along with infected vectors. The research demonstrates a plausible correlation between Lumpy Skin Disease and increased death rates in cattle. Employing rigorous examination and computational modelling, a valuable understanding of the fundamental dynamics of disease outbreaks is obtained. The mathematical model shows potential for predicting the future transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease. This presents a prospective opportunity for understanding and alleviating the disease's effects on bovine populations. Moreover, the analysis reveals that the impact of direct contact transmission on the spread of LSDV during documented outbreaks was negligible, therefore providing valuable insights into the dynamics of disease transmission. As the model is rigorously analyzed to gain insights into its qualitative dynamics of epidemics, which are present in the numerical simulations, this mathematical model can be allowed to estimate the future spread of the disease.

References

Abutarbush, S. M., Ababneh, M. M., Al Zoubi, I. G., Al Sheyab, O. M., Al Zoubi, M. G., Alekish, M. O., & Al Gharabat, R. J. (2015). Lumpy Skin Disease in Jordan: Disease Emergence, Clinical Signs, Complications and Preliminary‐associated Economic Losses. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 62(5), 549-554. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12177

Abdulqa, H. Y., Rahman, H. S., Dyary, H. O., & Othman, H. H. (2016). Lumpy skin disease. Reproductive Immunology: Open Access, 1(4), 25. https://doi.org/10.21767/2476-1974.100025

Al-Salihi, K. (2014). Lumpy skin disease: Review of literature. Mirror of Research in Veterinary Sciences and Animals, 3(3), 6-23. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://mrvsa.com/upload/3-3-2-2014%20Lumpy%20Skin%20disease%20%20Review%20of%20literature.pdf

Al‐Salihi, K. A., & Hassan, I. Q. (2015). Lumpy skin disease in Iraq: study of the disease emergence. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 62(5), 457-462. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12386

Annandale, C. H., Holm, D. E., Ebersohn, K., & Venter, E. H. (2014). Seminal transmission of lumpy skin disease virus in heifers. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 61(5), 443-448. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12045

Babiuk, S., Bowden, T. R., Boyle, D. B., Wallace, D. B., & Kitching, R. P. (2008). Capripoxviruses: an emerging worldwide threat to sheep, goats and cattle. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 55(7), 263-272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01043.x

Beard, P. M. (2016). Lumpy skin disease: a direct threat to Europe. The Veterinary Record, 178(22), 557. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.i2800

Bhanuprakash, V., Indrani, B. K., Hosamani, M., & Singh, R. K. (2006). The current status of sheep pox disease. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 29(1), 27-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2005.12.001

Buller, R.M., Arif, B.M., Black, D.N., Dumbell, K.R., Esposito, J.J., Lefkowitz, E.J., et al. (2005). Poxviridae. In: Virus Taxonomy: Eightth Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (Eds.), Elsevier Academic Press, Oxford. pp. 117–133.

El-Kholy, A. A., Soliman, H. M., & Abdelrahman, K. A. (2008). Polymerase chain reaction for rapid diagnosis of a recent lumpy skin disease virus incursion to Egypt. Arab Journal of Biotechnology, 11(2), 293-302.

https://www.academia.edu/20959923/Polymerase_chain_reaction_for_rapid_diagnosis_of_a_recent_lumpy_skin_disease_virus_incursion_to_Egypt

Chaudhary, N. (2023). A Review on Lumpy Skin Disease in India. Available at SSRN 4351704. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4351704

Chihota, C. M., Rennie, L. F., Kitching, R. P., & Mellor, P. S. (2001). Mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Epidemiology & Infection, 126(2), 317-321. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268801005179

Chihota, C. M., Rennie, L. F., Kitching, R. P., & Mellor, P. S. (2003). Attempted mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by biting insects. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 17(3), 294-300. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00445.x

Coetzer, J. A. W. (2004). Lumpy skin disease. In Coetzer J. A. W., & Tustin R. C. (Eds.), Infectious diseases of livestock, (2nd ed., pp. 1268–1276). University Press Southern Africa. https://www.worldcat.org/title/Infectious-diseases-of-livestock/oclc/57541742

Constable, P. D., Hinchcliff, K. W., Done, S. H., & Grünberg, W. (2016). Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. Elsevier Health Sciences. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=mx5uDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=15.%09Constable,+P.+D.+,+Hinchcliff,+K.+W.+,+Done,+S.+H.+,+%26+Grundberg,+W.+(2017).+Veterinary+medicine:+A+textbook+of+the+diseases+of+cattle,+horses,+sheep,+pigs,+and+goats+(11th+ed.,+p.+1591).+Elsevier.&ots=PdR5KYeoeC&sig=61n1nc_Cu9Rnwxkg3QJdbHIAndQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Calistri, P., De Clercq, K., Gubbins, S., Klement, E., Stegeman, A., ... & Broglia, A. (2020). Lumpy skin disease epidemiological report IV: Data collection and analysis. Efsa Journal, 18(2), e06010. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6010

Gari, G., Waret-Szkuta, A., Grosbois, V., Jacquiet, P., & Roger, F. (2010). Risk factors associated with observed clinical lumpy skin disease in Ethiopia. Epidemiology & Infection, 138(11), 1657-1666. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268810000506

Givens, M. D. (2018). Risks of disease transmission through semen in cattle. Animal, 12(s1), s165-s171. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118000708

Gupta, T., Patial, V., Bali, D., Angaria, S., Sharma, M., & Chahota, R. (2020). A review: Lumpy skin disease and its emergence in India. Veterinary Research Communications, 44, 111-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-020-09780-1

Honhold, N., Douglas, I., Geering, W., Shimshoni, A., & Lubroth, J. (2011). Good emergency management practice: the essentials. FAO Animal Production and Health Manual, (11). https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20113378148

Li, Y., An, Q., Sun, Z., Gao, X., & Wang, H. (2023). Risk Factors and Spatiotemporal Distribution of Lumpy Skin Disease Occurrence in the Asian Continent during 2012–2022: An Ecological Niche Model. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6207149

Magori-Cohen, R., Louzoun, Y., Herziger, Y., Oron, E., Arazi, A., Tuppurainen, E., ... & Klement, E. (2012). Mathematical modelling and evaluation of the different routes of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus. Veterinary Research, 43, 1-13. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1297-9716-43-1

Mani, R. (2022). Outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease in Cattle Raises Alarm in Cattle-rearing Communities in the State of Gujarat, Report Number: IN2022-0066, USAD. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Outbreak%20of%20Lumpy%20Skin%20Disease%20in%20Cattle%20Raises%20Alarm%20in%20Cattle-rearing%20Communities%20in% 20the%20State%20of%20Gujarat_New%20Delhi_India_IN2022-0066

Manjunatha Reddy, G.B., Awadhesh Prajapati., Sanjeevakumar Lalasangi, Viveka Prabhu., Chethan Kumar, H.B., Yogisharadhya R and Shivasharanappa, N. (2022). Epidemiology Of Lumpy Skin Disease In India. ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka. https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/epidemiology-of-lumpy-skin-disease-in-india/

Moghadas, S. M., & Gumel, A. B. (2002). Global stability of a two-stage epidemic model with generalized non-linear incidence. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 60(1-2), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4754(02)00002-2

Money control news (2022): Lumpy Skin Disease infecting cattle in India; here’s all you need to know, Money control news. Link: https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/photos/india/lumpy-skin-disease-infecting-cattle-in-india-heres-all-you-need-to-know-9259041.html

Radostits, O. M., Gay, C. C., Hinchcliff, K. W., & Constable, P. D. (2007). Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the disease of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses. London: Balliere Tindall, 1223-1227. https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkposzje))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1679700

Şevik, M., & Dogan, M. (2017). Epidemiological and molecular studies on lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Turkey during 2014–2015. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 64(4), 1268-1279. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12501

Tageldin, M. H., Wallace, D. B., Gerdes, G. H., Putterill, J. F., Greyling, R. R., Phosiwa, M. N., ... & Al Ismaaily, S. I. (2014). Lumpy skin disease of cattle: an emerging problem in the Sultanate of Oman. Tropical animal health and production, 46, 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-013-0483-3

Tasioudi, K. E., Antoniou, S. E., Iliadou, P., Sachpatzidis, A., Plevraki, E., Agianniotaki, E. I., ... & Dile, C. (2016). Emergence of lumpy skin disease in Greece, 2015. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 63(3), 260-265. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12497

Tuppurainen, E. S., Venter, E. H., & Coetzer, J. A. W. (2005). The detection of lumpy skin disease virus in samples of experimentally infected cattle using different diagnostic techniques. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 72(2), 153-164. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC86204

Tuppurainen, E. S. M., & Oura, C. A. L. (2012). lumpy skin disease: an emerging threat to Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 59(1), 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01242.x

Tuppurainen, E. S. M., Alexandrov, T., & Beltran‐Alcrudo, D. (2017). Lumpy skin disease field manual ‐ A manual for veterinarians. FAO Animal Production and Health Manual, 20, 1–60. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.fao.org/3/i7330e/ i7330e.pdf

Weiss, K. E. (1968). Lumpy skin disease virus. In Cytomegaloviruses. Rinderpest Virus. Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (pp. 111-131). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-39771-8_3

Zeynalova, S., Asadov, K., Guliyev, F., Vatani, M., & Aliyev, V. (2016). Epizootology and molecular diagnosis of lumpy skin disease among livestock in Azerbaijan. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01022.